The principles of national self-determination, Lenin insisted on applying in full to colonial peoples. His doctrine was that the Western European proletariat should refrain from mere declara tions of sympathy with oppressed nationalities, and instead should join them in the struggle against imperialism.
At the eighth congress of Soviets (192o) Lenin made a report on the work carried out on his initiative for the drafting of a plan for the electrification of the country. The gradual effort towards a high degree of technical development is the mark of the success ful transformation from the system of small scale peasant economy, with its lack of co-ordination, to the system of large scale Socialist production based on a single, comprehensive plan. "Socialism is a Soviet Govt. plus electrification." Death.—The exhaustion brought on by excessive hard work over a number of years ruined Lenin's health. Sclerosis attacked his cerebral arteries. At the beginning of 1922 his doctors f or bade him daily work. From June to Aug. the disease made rapid progress, and for the first time he began to lose the power of speech and in Dec. he became paralysed in the right arm and leg. He died on Jan. 21, 1924, at 6.3o P.M., at Gorky, near Moscow. His funeral was the occasion for an unexampled manifestation of love and grief on the part of millions.
Lenin's outward appearance was distinguished by simplicity and strength. He was below the middle height, with the plebeian features of the Slavonic type of face, brightened by piercing eyes ; and his powerful forehead and still more powerful head gave him a marked distinction. He was tireless in work to an unparalleled degree. He put the same exemplary conscientiousness into reading lectures in a small workmen's club in Zurich and in organizing the first Socialist State in the world. He appreciated and loved to the full science, art and culture, but he never forgot that as yet these things are the property of a small minority. His way of life in the Kremlin was little different from his life as an emigre abroad. The simplicity of his daily habits was due to the fact that intel lectual work and intense struggle not only absorbed his interests and passions but also gave him intense satisfaction. His thoughts never ceased to labour at the task of freeing the workers.
Russian Marxism and Russian Social Democracy ; Materialism i empiriokrititsism, 1909 (Materialism and empiriocriticism). Critical observations on a reactionary philosophy ; Krakh II. Internatsionala, 1915 (Collapse of the Second International. Eng. trans., 1919) ; Sotsial ism i voina, 1915 (Socialism and War. In collaboration with Zinoviev. German trans., 1915) ; Imperialism, kak naveishii etap kapitalisma, 1917 (Imperialism, the final stage of capitalism) ; French trans., 1923; Pisma o taktike, 1917 (Letters about tactics) ; Uroki revolyutsii, 1917 (Lessons of the Revolution. Eng. trans., 1918; German trans., 1921) ; Gosudarstvo i revolyutsiya, 1917 (The state and revolution. trans., 1919). The Marxist doctrine about the state and the tasks of the proletariat in a revolution. French trans., 1919 ; German trans., 1918; Grozyashchaya Katastrofa i kak c nei borotsya, 1917 (The catastrophe which threatens us and how to struggle with it. French trans., La catastrophe immin.ente et les mesures de la conjurer, 1918). German trans., 1918; Uderzhat li bolsheviki gosudarstvennuyu vlast? 1917 (Will the Bolsheviks maintain power? German trans., 1921) ; Proletarskaya revolutsiya i renegat Kautskil, 1918. (The proletarian revolution and Kautsky the Renegade. Eng. trans., 1920) ; French trans., 1919 ; German trans., 1918 ; Vybory v Uchreditelnoye Sobraniye i diktatura proletariata, 1919. (The dictatorship of the Proletariat and elections to the Constituent Assembly. Eng. trans., 1920) ; German trans., 1920; Detskaya bolezn "levismy" v kommunisme, 1920 ("Left Wing Communism, an infantile disorder." Eng. trans., 1921; French trans., 1921; German 1921) ; Krizis v partii, 1921 (The Crisis in the Party) ; 0 prodnaloge, 1921 (On the tax in kind. German trans.) ; Stranichki iz dnevnika, 1923 (Pages from my diary) ; 0 Kooperatsii, 1923 (On co-operation. French trans. Sur la Cooperation, 1924) ; Luchshe menshe, da luchsche, 1923 (Better little but good) ; Sobraniye sochinenii T.T. 1-19, 1921-24 (collected works in 19 vol.).
There are two German editions of Lenin's collected works Ausgewdhlte Werke Sammelband, 1925, and Auswahl aus seinen Werken. See also Landau-Aldanow, Lenin and Bolshevism (1920) ; K. Wiedenfeld, Lenin and his Work (1923) ; N. Bucharin, Lenin, Life and Works (1924) ; E. Drahn, Lenin eine Bio-Bibliographie (1924) ; M. Gorky, Lenin et le paysan russe (1924) ; L. Trotsky, Lenin (in English 1925) ; J. Stalin, Leninism (in English 1928). (L. TR.; X.)