LULE BURGAS, BATTLE OF. This was the principal battle of the BALKAN WARS OF 1912-1913, under which heading it is described. Arising out of the advance of the Bulgarian armies into Thrace it lasted from Oct. 28-3o, 1912, and ended with the defeat of the Turkish field forces and their retirement to the Chatalja Lines, covering the approaches to Constantinople.
LULL (or LULLY), RAIMON (or RAYMOND) (c. 1315), Catalan author, mystic and missionary, was born in Palma (Majorca). Married at an early age to Blanca Picany, he led a dissipated life till his conversion (1266), when he resolved to devote himself to evangelical work among the heathen, to write an exposure of infidel errors, and to promote the teaching of for eign tongues in seminaries. He dedicated nine years to the study of Arabic, and in 1275 showed such signs of mental exaltation that, at the request of his wife and family, an official was ap pointed to administer his estate. He withdrew to Randa, there wrote his Ars major and Ars generalis, visited Montpellier, and persuaded the kink of Majorca to build a Franciscan monastery at Miramar. There for ten years he acted as professor of Arabic and philosophy, and composed many controversial treatises. After a fruitless visit to Rome in 1285-86, he journeyed to Paris, resid ing in that city from 1287 to 1289, and expounding his bewilder ing theories to auditors who regarded him as half insane. In 1289 he went to Montpellier, wrote his Ars veritatis inventiva, and re moved to Genoa where he translated this treatise into Arabic. In 1291, after many timorous doubts and hesitations for which he bitterly blamed himself, Lull sailed for Tunis, where he publicly preached Christianity for a year ; he was finally imprisoned and expelled. In Jan. 1293 he reached Naples, where his efforts to in terest Clement V. and Bonif ace VIII. in his favourite project of establishing missionary colleges were unavailing. In 1300 he sailed to Cyprus to seek support for his plan of teaching oriental languages in universities and monasteries. He was rebuffed once more, but continued his campaign with undiminished energy. Be tween 1302 and 1305 he wrote treatises at Genoa, lectured at Paris, visited Lyons in the vain hope of enlisting the sympathies of Pope Clement V., crossed over to Bougie in Africa, preached
the gospel, and was imprisoned there for six months. On being released he lectured with increasing effect at Paris, attended the General Council at Vienne in 1311, and there witnessed the nomi nal adoption of his cherished proposals. Though close on 8o years of age, Lull's ardour was unabated. He carried on his propaganda at Majorca, Paris, Montpellier and Messina, and in 1314 he crossed over once more to Bougie. Here he again resumed his crusade against Mohammedanism and raised the fanatical spirit of the inhabitants, was stoned outside the city walls and died of his wounds.
The circumstances of Lull's death caused him to be regarded as a martyr, local patriotism helped to magnify his merits, and his fantastic doctrines found many enthusiastic partisans. The doc tor illuminates was venerated throughout Catalonia and after wards throughout Spain as a saint, a thinker and a poet ; but his doctrines were disapproved by the powerful Dominican order, and in 1376 they were formally condemned in a papal bull issued at the instance of the inquisitor, Nicolas Emeric. The authenticity of this document was warmly disputed by Lull's followers, and the bull was annulled by Martin V. in 1417. The controversy was renewed in 1503 and again in 1578; but the general support of the Jesuits and the staunch fidelity of the Majorcans saved Lull from condemnation.
The speculations of Lull are now obsolete outside Majorca where his philosophy still flourishes, but his more purely literary writings are extremely curious and interesting. In Blanquerna (1283), a novel which describes a new Utopia, Lull renews the Platonic tradition and anticipates the methods of Sir Thomas More, Campanella and Harrington, and in the Libre de Maravelles (1286) he adopts the oriental apologue from Kalilah and Dimnah. And as a poet Lull takes a prominent position in the history of Catalan literature; such pieces as El Desconort (1295) and Lo Cant de Ramon (1299) combine in a rare degree simple beauty of expression with sublimity of thought and impassioned sincerity.
(J. F.-K.)