Lincoln
Lincoln, A City And County Of A City, Municipal, County And Parliamentary Borough, And The County Town Of Lincolnshire, England. Pop. (1931) 60,751. It Is Situated On The Summit And South Slope Of The Limestone Ridge Of The Cliff Range Of Hills, Which Rises From The North Bank Of The ...
Line
Line, Primarily Of Thread Or Cord, A Succession Of Objects In A Row, A Mark Or Stroke, A Course In Any Particular Direction. In Mathematics Several Definitions Of The Line May Be Framed. The Synthetical Genesis Of A Line From The Notion Of A Point Is The Basis Of Euclid's ...
Line Engraving
Line Engraving, The Process Of Incising Lines In A Metal Plate From Which It Is Intended To Take An Impression Or Print. It Differs From Other Reproductive Process In That : 1) The Engraved Line Is That Part Which Is Printed, I.e., It Is Intaglio As Opposed To Surface Printing ...
Line Geometry
Line Geometry. In Geometry, Curves And Other Loci Are Frequently Regarded As Generated By A Point, The Position Of Which Is Defined By Certain Con Ditions. A Straight Line However May Be Thought Of As The Generat Ing Element, Such As A Tangent To A Curve, Or As A Generator ...
Linear Algebras
Linear Algebras. It Might Be Said With Good Reason That Algebra Began With The Introduction Of Negative Numbers, And Linear Algebra With The Introduction Of The Imaginary Numbers. These Inventions, Especially The Latter, Marked Most Significant Advances Of Human Thought, For Through Them Came The Certainty Of The Independence Of ...
Linen And Linen Manufactures
Linen And Linen Manufactures. Under The Name Of Linen Are Included All The Yarns Spun And Fabrics Woven From Flax Fibre. (see Flax.) From The Earliest Periods Of Human History Till Almost The Close Of The I8th Century Linen Manufacture Was One Of The Most Ex Tensive And Widely Disseminated ...
Linger
Linger, A Port Of Persia On The Shores Of The Persian Gulf In 33' N., 53' E., About 30o M. S.e. Of Bushire ; With The Tract Immediately Around It, It Forms Part Of The Administrative Dis Trict Of The "gulf Ports." The Old Port Was At Kung, Seven M. ...
Lingua Franca
Lingua Franca, A Term Used In Different Parts Of The World Of Languages Used Over Wide Areas As Secondary To The Indigenous Form Of Speech, Thus Enabling Intercourse To Be De Veloped. English Is Frequently Called The Lingua Franca Of The Whole World As, At One Time, French Was The ...
Linkages
Linkages, In Mechanics, Are An Assemblage Of Rods Hinged Together So That The Parts May Move Among Themselves, Being Generally Intended To Perform Some Particular Kind Of Useful Motion. Nearly All Machinery Consists Of Linkages Either Obvious Or Disguised. The Piston Rod, Crank And Connecting Rod Of A Steam Engine ...
Linlithgow
Linlithgow, A Royal Burgh, Parish And County Town Of West Lothian Or Linlithgowshire, Scotland. Pop. (1931) 3,666. It Lies In A Valley On The South Side Of A Loch, 171 M. W. Of Edin Burgh By The L.n.e. Railway. In The 19th Century Its Antique Appearance Was Much Changed By ...
Linnaeus Carl Von Linne
Linnaeus [carl Von Linne] (1707-1778), Swedish Botanist, Was Born On May 13, O.s. (may 23, N.s.), 1707, At Rashult, In Salaland, The Son Of A Pastor. He Was Educated At Wexio, Lund And Uppsala, Where Olaf Celsius (d. 1756) Engaged Him To Assist In The Compilation Of His Hierobotanicon. A ...
Linoleum
Linoleum, A Term Originally Coined By Frederick Walton For Material Of His Own Invention, Now Used Indiscriminately To Describe Any Floorcovering Having A Base Of Solidified Oil Adhering To A Jute Canvas Foundation. Technically There Are Three Distinct Classes Of Floorcovering Described Commonly As Linoleum : (a) Floorcloth, Which Is ...
Linseed
Linseed. The Seed Of The Common Flax (q.v.) Or Lint, Linum Usitatissimum, A Native Of Central Asia. Linseed Is Chiefly Grown To Yield Oil Seeds In Argentina, India, The United States, Canada And Russia. The Seeds, The Linseed Of Commerce, Are Of A Lustrous Brown Colour Externally, Of An Elongated ...
Linseed Oil
Linseed Oil. A Most Valuable Drying Oil Obtained By Ex Pression From Linseed, With Or Without The Aid Of Heat. Prelimi Nary To The Operation Of Pressing, The Seeds Are Crushed And Ground To A Fine Meal. Cold Pressing Of The Seeds Yields A Golden-yellow Oil, Which Is Often Used ...
Lion
Lion, Since The Earliest Times, One Of The Best-known Animals. In Prehistoric Times The Modern Lion (felis Leo) Was Distributed Over The Greater Part Of Europe And Within The Historic Period It Inhabited All Africa, Southern Asia, And, Very Possibly, Greece. At The Present Day It Is Found In Most ...
Lipari Islands
Lipa.ri Islands, A Group Of Volcanic Islands North Of The Eastern Portion Of Sicily (anc. Atbxov Vikroc Or Aeoliae Insulae),— Lipari (lipara, Pop. In 1931, 14,101), Stromboli (strongyle), Salina (didyme, Pop. In 1921, 1,269), Filicuri (phoenicusa), Alicudi (ericusa), Vulcano (hiera, Therasia Or Thermissa), The Mythical Abode Of Hephaestus, And Panaria ...
Lippe
Lippe, One Of The Smaller Of The Lander Of The German Reich, Bounded North-west, West And South By The Prussian Province Of Westphalia And North-east And East By The Prussian Provinces Of Hanover And Hesse-nassau, And Waldeck-pyrmont. It Also Possesses Three Small Enclaves—kappel, Lipperode And Grevenhagen In Westphalia. The Area ...
Liquefaction Of Gases
Liquefaction Of Gases. It Is Somewhat Uncertain When The Idea That Gases Could Be Liquefied First Arose. Lavoisier Certainly Expressed The View That If The Earth Were Cooled To The Temperature Of Outer Space, Part, At Least, Of Its Atmosphere Would Liquefy, But He Made No Attempt To Liquefy Any ...
Liquidation
Liquidation. A British Joint Stock Company, Being A Purely Artificial Body Created By Law, Can Only Be Brought To An End By Legal Process. This Legal Process Is Called Liquidating, Or Winding-up, The Company. A Company May Be Wound Up (i) Voluntarily, By The Passing Of A Special Or Extraordinary ...
Liquor Laws And Liquor
Liquor Laws And Liquor Control. Laws To Regulate The Manufacture And Sale Of Alcoholic And Intoxicat Ing Liquor Are Of Ancient Origin, Numerous And Varied And Increas Ing In Number And Complexity In Nearly All Countries. Their Greatest Extent And Variety Are In The Form Of Tax Laws As An ...
Liquorice
Liquorice. The Hard And Semi-vitreous Sticks Of Paste, Black In Colour And Possessed Of A Sweet, Somewhat Astringent Taste, Known As Liquorice Paste Or Black Sugar, Are The Inspissated Juice Of The Roots Of A Leguminous Plant, Glycyrrhiza Glabra, The Radix Glycyrrhizae Of Pharmacopoeia. The Plant Is Cultivated Throughout The ...
Lisbon
Lisbon (lisboa), The Capital Of Portugal; On The Right Bank Of The River Tagus, Near Its Entrance Into The Atlantic Ocean, In 38° 32' 24" N. And 9° Iii Io" W. Pop. (1930), 594,39o. Lisbon, The Westernmost Of European Capitals, Is Built In A Succession Of Terraces Up The Sides ...
Lisieux
Lisieux, A Town Of North-western France, Capital Of An Arrondissement In The Department Of Calvados, 3o M. E. Of Caen By Rail. Pop. (1931) 14,471. In The Time Of Caesar, Lisieux, Under The Name Of Noviomagus, Was The Capital Of The Lexovii. Though Destroyed By The Barbarians, By The 6th ...
Lissa
Lissa (serbo-croatian Vis; Lat. Issa), An Island In The Adri Atic Sea Belonging To Yugoslavia. Lissa Lies 31 M. S. By W. Of Spalato, And Is The Outermost Island Of The Dalmatian Archipelago. Its Greatest Length Is Mi. M. ; Its Greatest Breadth 41- M. In Shape It Is Long, ...
Litany
Litany, A Word Used By Eusebius And Chrysostom, Com Monly In The Plural, In A General Sense, To Denote A Prayer Or Prayers Of Any Sort, Whether Public Or Private. It Is Similarly Employed In The Law Of Arcadius (cod. Theod. Xvi. Tit. 5, Leg. 3o). But Some Trace Of ...
Lithium
Lithium, A Metallic Element Belonging To The Group Of Alkali Metals And Occurring On The Earth Only In Combination, Having Been First Recognised As A Separate Element By Arfvedson In 1817, Symbol Li, Atomic Number 3, Atomic Weight 6.94 (two Isotopes 6 And 7). It Is Widely Distributed, Although In ...
Lithography
Lithography, The Art Of Drawing With A Greasy Sub Stance, Usually Crayon, On A Stone, Metal Or Paper Surface, And Then Printing, Is Based On The Fact That Grease Attracts Grease And Is Repelled By Water. It Is The Most Direct Of All The Graphic Arts, For In Practising It ...
Lithuania
Lithuania (lietuva), An Independent European Republic Whose Territory Up To 1914 Was Under Russian Rule. To The North Is Latvia, To The East Poland, To The West The Baltic, And To The South, East Prussia And Poland. When, In March 1918, Germany Recognized The Independence Of Lithuania, She Did Not ...
Lithuanian Language
Lithuanian Language. The Lithuanian Language Belongs, With Lettish And The Extinct Old-prussian Language, To The Baltic Branch Of The Indo-european Family. It Has Preserved Until The Present Day The Phonetic System Of The Hypothetical Indo European Parent-speech With Such Fidelity As To Play A Very Im Portant Role In The ...
Lithuanian And Lettish Literature
Lithuanian And Lettish Literature. The Literary History Of The Lithuanians And Letts Dates From The Ref Ormation And Comprises Three Clearly Defined Periods. (i) Up To 170o, When The Chief Printed Books Were Of A Liturgical Char Acter. (2) During The I8th Century, When A Vigorous Educa Tional Movement Began, ...
Lithuanians
Lithuanians And Letts, Two Kindred Peoples Of Indo European Origin, Now Constituting Independent Republics, On The Shores Of The Baltic Sea, And In The Basins Of The Niemen And The Duna. The Two Races Number About 4,250,000, Of Whom 2,000,00o Are Letts. Ptolemy Mentions (iii. 5) Two Clans, The Galindae ...
Litopterna
Litopterna, An Extinct Order Of Hoofed Mammals Of The Tertiary And Pleistocene Of South America, Including Two Families, The Macraucheniidae, Which Parallel The Camels Of The Northern World In General Proportions, But With Three Toes On Each Foot, And The Proterotheriidae Which Resemble The Horses In Reduc Tion Of The ...
Little Entente
Little Entente. The Little Entente Is A Political Or Ganization, Created After The World War, Which Binds Together Three Central European States, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia And Rumania, For Purposes Of Their Common Interest. Ister Travelled On Aug. 13, 1920, To Belgrade, Where, On The Follow Ing Day, A Defence Treaty, Of ...
Little Rock
Little Rock, The Capital And Largest City Of Arkansas, U.s.a., And The County Seat Of Pulaski County; On The South Bank Of The Arkansas River, Near The Centre Of The State. It Is The Intersection Point For Federal Highways 65, 67, 167 And 7o; Is Served By The Missouri Pacific, ...
Little Theatre Movement
Little Theatre Movement. In Its Beginnings, The History Of Community Drama Is The History Of The Drama In General. That History Is Dealt With In Another Place (see Drama). Here It Is Only Necessary To Recall That The Origins Of Theatre Art Are Bound Up With The Ritual Of The ...
Liturgies Of The British
Liturgies Of The British Isles Period I. The Celtic Church.—until Recently Almost Nothing Was Known Of The Character Of The Liturgical Service Of The Celtic Church Which Existed In These Islands Before The Anglo-saxon Con Quest, And Continued To Exist In Ireland, Scotland, Wales And Cornwall For Considerable Though Varying ...
Liturgy
Liturgy, In The Technical Language Of The Christian Church, The Order For The Celebration And Administration Of The Eucharist. The Word (from Gr. Xecrovvyta, Public Service) Has Come To Be Used In A More General Sense To Denote Any Or All Of The Various Prescribed Forms Of Public Worship. In ...
Liverpool
Liverpool, City; Municipal, County And Parliamentary Borough ; Seaport ; Lancashire, England ; 201 M. North-west Of London By Rail; Situated On The Right Bank Of The Estuary Of The Mersey, The Centre Of The City Being About 3 M, From The Open Sea. The Form Of The City Is ...
Livery Companies
Livery Companies, The Name Given To A Class Of Insti Tutions In The City Of London Which At One Time Were Universal In Europe. The Gild (q.v.) In The Twelfth Century "has Many Aspects, Social, Religious And Economical, And It Is Unwise To Look For Any Single Origin For So ...
Livius Andronicus
Livius Andronicus (c. 284-204 B.c.), The Founder Of Roman Epic Poetry And Drama. His Name Indicates That He Was A Greek, A Manumitted Slave Of The Livian Family, And Thus Typical Of The Early Influences In Latin Literature, And Of The Interest Of The Enlightened Aristocracy In Greek Culture. He ...
Livonia
Livonia, A Former Province Of Russia, Now Partly In Latvia (q.v.) And Partly In Estonia (q.v.). Of The Time Of Alexander The Great, Found In Oesel, Show That The Coasts Of The Baltic Were At An Early Period In Commercial Relation With The Civilized World. The Chronicle Of Nestor Mentions ...
Livre
Livre. The Livre Is An Obsolete French Monetary Unit And Weight, The Word Being Derived From The Latin "libra," A Pound Used As Money; It Was Called The Livre (tournois) And Was Divided Into 20 "sous" Of 12 "deniers" Each. This Corresponds To The Present English System Of Pounds, Shillings ...
Lixiviation
Lixiviation Is Equivalent To Leaching And Is The Process Of Removing A Soluble Substance From One That Is Insoluble In The Solvent Employed. Potash Was Originally Obtained By The Lixivia Tion Of Wood Ashes. In The Crude Industry The Ashes Were Simply Stirred With Successive Lots Of Water, Allowed To ...
Lizard
Lizard. Any Member Of The Reptilian Order Lacertilia. These Animals Differ From Turtles And Tortoises In The Ab Sence Of Carapace And Plastron And From Crocodiles And The Tuatera In Never Having More Than One Bony Arch Across The Temporal Region. As A Rule They May Be Distinguished From Snakes ...