As early as 1640 Lombok was regarded by the sultan of Macassar as being under his rule, and when his power was shat tered by the Dutch in 1667-8, a Sumbawa chief, signatory to the Bongay contract, endeavoured to impose his sovereignty on the island, in which the Dutch assisted, peacefully. Civil war in Sumbawa left Lombok the prey of, first pirate adventurers from Macassar, then of the Balinese who planted colonies in north Lombok and set about establishing their rule. Balinese interven tion commenced about 1692, Dutch endeavours to get the sig natories to the Bongay treaty to take action to counteract it were unsuccessful, and eventually the Balinese succeeded in estab lishing four kingdoms in Lombok; Mataram, Karang Asem, Pagasangen, and Pagutan. In 1843, Mataram entered into a contract with the Dutch, agreeing to acknowledge Karang Asem in Bali as the suzerain power. In 1849 the Dutch were at war with Karang Asem and Klungklung in Bali, and were assisted by Mataram, which, as a reward, was given Karang Asem (Bali), as a fief but, although friendly relations with the Dutch and Mataram continued until 1872, in that year Mataram, looking upon itself as independent, and not suzerain to the Dutch, refused to send its regular embassy to Batavia, and, in 1891, interfered in the domestic politics of Bali. At the same time it cruelly oppressed the Sasak population of Lombok, so that the latter made ineffectual attempts to throw off the Balinese yoke, finally invoking Dutch aid. This was given, and in 1894, after one expedi tion had met with disaster, a second was successful in overthrowing the government of Mataram. Lombok was made a division of the residency of Bali and Lombok, under an assistant-resident at Ampenam, and was divided into two districts, East and West Lombok; a third district, Central Lombok, was created in 1898, the capitals of the three districts being at Mataram, Praja, and Sisi. The whole of Lombok is now under direct Dutch rule.
See A. R. Wallace, The Malay Archipelago (189o) ; W. Cool, With the Dutch in the East (1897). (E. E. L.) LOMBROSO, CESARE (1836-1909), Italian criminologist, was born on Nov. 18, 1836, at Verona, of a Jewish family. He studied at Padua, Vienna and Paris, and in 1862 became pro fessor of psychiatry at Pavia, then director of the lunatic asylum at Pesaro, and later professor of forensic medicine and of psy chiatry at Turin, where he eventually filled the chair of criminal anthropology. In 1872 he made announcement that the disorder known as pellagra (q.v.) was due to a poison contained in diseased maize, eaten by the peasants, and he returned to this subject in La Pellagra in Italia (1885). To Auguste Comte Lombroso owed an exaggerated tendency to refer all mental facts to biological causes, but he surpassed all his predecessors by the wide scope and systematic character of his researches. He held that the criminal population exhibits a higher percentage of physical, ner vous and mental anomalies than non-criminals ; and that these anomalies are due partly to degeneration, partly to atavism. The criminal is a special type, standing midway between the lunatic and the savage. (See CRIMINOLOGY.) Lombroso died sud denly at Turin on Oct. 19, 1909.
His works include : L'Uomo delinquente (1889) ; L'Uomo di genio (1688, Eng. trans. 1891) ; Genio e follia (1877); La donna delinquente (1893, 3rd ed. 1915, Eng. trans. 1895) Le Crime, causes et remedes (1899, Eng. trans. 1911) ; Delitti vecchi e delitti nuovi (Turin, 1902) ; Nuovi studi sul genio (2 vols., Paler mo, 1902).
See Kurella, C. Lombroso (Hamburg, 1892) ; a biography by his daughters, P. Carrara and G. Ferrero (1906 and 1915), and K. Kurella, C. Lombroso: a Modern Man of Science 0910.