Henry was succeeded by his brother Francis II., who abdicated on Nov. 26, 1624, in favour of his son Charles IV. or III. He died in 1675, after a life spent in continual, though rarely effective, opposition to the French monarchy. His nephew Charles was rec ognized as duke of Lorraine by all the Powers except France, but never obtained effective possession of the duchy. He died in 169o. Seven years later Leopold, his son, was restored to his estates by the treaty of Ryswick (1697), but had to dismantle all the fortresses in Lorraine and to disband his army with the exception of his guard. Under his rule Lorraine flourished. While diminish ing the taxes, he succeeded in augmenting his revenues by wise economy. The population increased enormously during his reign —that of Nancy, for instance, almost trebling itself between the years 1699 and 1735. Leopold welcomed French immigrants, and devoted himself to the development of commerce and industry, particularly to the manufacture of stuffs and lace, glass and paper. He was responsible, too, for the compilation of a body of law which was known as the "Code Leopold." Some time after his death, which occurred on March 27, 1729, his heir Francis III. was betrothed to Maria Theresa of Austria, the daughter and heiress of the emperor Charles VI. France, however, could not admit the possibility of a union of Lorraine with the empire; and in 1735 Louis XV. negotiated an arrangement by which Francis received the duchy of Tuscany in exchange for Lorraine, and Stanislaus Leszczynski, the dethroned king of Poland and father-in-law of Louis XV., obtained Lorraine, which after his death would pass to his daughter—in other words to France. These arrangements were confirmed by the treaty of Vienna (Nov. 18, 1738). In 1736, by a secret agreement, Stanislaus had
abandoned the financial administration of his estates to Louis XV. for a yearly subsidy. The intendant, Chaumont de la Galaiziere, was instructed to apply the French system of taxa tion in Lorraine; but in spite of the severity of the administration Lorraine preserved a grateful memory of the good king Stanislaus, who held his brilliant little court at Luneville, and founded an academy and several libraries and hospitals. At his death in Feb. 1766 the two duchies of Lorraine and Bar became definitively in corporated in the kingdom of France. The treaties of 1735 and 1736, however, guaranteed their legislation, the privileges enjoyed by the three orders, and their common law and customs tariffs, which they retained until the French Revolution. Lorraine and Barrois formed a large government corresponding, together with the little government of the three bishoprics, to the intendance of Lorraine and the generalite of Metz. For legal purposes, Metz had been the seat of a parlement since 1633, and the parlement of Nancy was created in 1776. There was, too, a chambre des comptes at Metz, and another at Bar-le-duc. (For the later history see ALSACE-LORRAINE.) See Dom. A. Calmet, Histoire ecclesiastique et civile de Lorraine (2nd ed., Nancy, 1747-57) ; Comte D'Haussonville, Histoire de la reunion de la Lorraine a la France (2nd ed., 186o) ; E. Huhn, Geschichte Lothringens (1877) ; A. Digot, Histoire de Lorraine (1879 8o) ; E. Bonvalot, Histoire du droit et des institutions de la Lorraine et des Trois-Evechis (1895) ; R. Parisot, Le Royaume de Lorraine sous les Carolingiens (1899) ; E. Duvernoy, Les Etats Generaux des duches de Lorraine et de Bar jusqu'a la majorite de Charles III. (19o4), (R. P.)