MANGIN, CHARLES EMMANUEL French soldier, was born at Sarrebourg, Moselle, on July 6, 1866, of a military family, his father having been a general of division. Mangin left the Ecole Speciale Militaire at Saint Cyr in 1888 for Africa, and with the exception of three years spent in Tongking, and i o months in France, he remained for 26 years 'in different parts of Africa. In Aug. 1913 he was promoted to the rank of general of brigade. His travels in Africa were extensive; he visited Dahomey, Senegal, the Sudan, the Congo, Morocco and Lake Chad. He was a member of Marchand's expedition and was one of the legendary company who were said to have marched "for three days without a halt." It was he who, at the head of 5,000 men routed the bandit Elehiba and all his followers in the plain of Ben Guerir and so relieved Marrakesh. His considerable literary abilities, which he had rarely the leisure to exercise, were also devoted to Africa; and his book, La Force Noire brought home to Frenchmen the immeasurable resources of their empire.
When the World War broke out General Mangin was 48 years of age. At first in command of the 8th Brigade and, after April 9, 1916, of the 5th Infantry Division, he threw the enemy back upon Douaumont, which he reached on May 22. Five months later, on Oct. 24, he hurled two divisions against the Germans and took Douaumont and Vaux. In 1917 he was in command of the V. Army, and in the following year at the time of the April offensive the Supreme Command imposed upon him the hard task of checking the German offensive directed against Com piegne. Eight fresh divisions were entrusted to him, and with
these 6o,000 men he checked von Hutier's advance at Noyon. Subsequently he was entrusted with the X. Army and was ordered, in conjunction with General Degoutte, to break in the German salient south of the Aisne. This he accomplished; the Chemin-des Dames, the Chateau de Coucy and Laon were successfully re occupied. For a year he commanded the Army of Occupation on the Rhine.
General Mangin held the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, was a member of the Supreme War Council, was Inspector General of the Colonial Forces, and presided over the Supreme Council for National Defence. But his life work was to develop to the maxi mum his country's African resources. He died on May 12, 1925, and was buried with military honours in the Montparnasse Cem etery. Above his head stands a simple stone bearing this inscrip tion : "Ici repose un soldat francais." (M. Gu.) MANGNALL, RICHMAL (1769-182o), born probably at Manchester, on March 7, 1769, became a schoolmistress at Crofton Hall, Yorkshire, which she conducted most successfully until her death. She was the author of Historical and Miscellaneous Ques tions for the Use of Young People (i800), generally known as "Mangnall's Questions," which was prominent in the education of English girls in the first half of the 19th century. She died on May 1, 182o.