History of Cartography

Modern

compiler of maps of the present day enjoys many advantages not enjoyed by men similarly occu pied a hundred years ago. Topographical surveys are gradually extending, explorers are better trained for their work, and mere outline maps, such as formerly satisfied the public, suffice no longer.

As to atlases, from the middle to the end of the 19th century Germany might be considered as the headquarters of scientific cartography. This was due as much to the inspiriting teachings of Ritter and Humboldt as to the culture and scientific training combined with technical skill commanded by men who devote themselves to this branch of geography. H. Berghaus (1797— 1884), H. Kiepert (1818-99) and A. Petermann (1822-78) must occupy a foremost place in the history of cartography. Among the geographical establishments of Germany, that founded by Justus Perthes (1785), at Gotha, occupies the highest rank. To it we are indebted for Petermann's Mitteilungen, started in 1855 by A. Petermann. Among other geographical institutes in Germany which deserve mention are the Weimar Institut, founded in 1791; Paul Fleming at Glogau, A Ravenstein at Frankfort, D. Reimer at Berlin (H. Kiepert, Handatlas, 186o) ; R. Andree 188o) and E. Debes 1894) in Leipzig, and E. Holzer in Vienna (Vincent von Haardt's maps).

France is represented by the publishing firms of Ch. Delagrave (Levaseur's maps), Hachette (F. Schrader's Atlas de geographie moderne, 188o), and Armand Colin (Vidal de la Blache's Atlas general, 1894).

In Great Britain, A. Arrowsmith established himself in London in 1770 (General Atlas, 1817), but the cartographical business ceased on the death of John Arrowsmith in 1873. John Cary (1754-1835) produced a very large number of plans, road maps, maps and itineraries. His work is important in the history of British cartography. (John Cary, Cambridge University Press, 1925). To John Walker the charts published by the Admiralty were indebted for the perspicuous, firm and yet artistic execution which facilitated their use by the mariner. Among later firms are W. and A. K. Johnston (founded 1825; Royal Atlas, 1855) ; J. Bartholomew, whose publications have had a great effect in popu larizing hypsometrically coloured maps; Philip and Sons; and E.

Stanford.

Amongst recent Continental publications the magnificent At lante Internazionale del Touring Club Ballow, Milan, 1927, deserves mention.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-The

history of maps is dealt with ably in Vivien de Saint Martin's Histoire de la geographie (Paris, 1875), and in Peschel's Geschichte der Erdkunde (2nd ed., Sophus Ruge, Berlin, 1877), as also by W. Wollkenhauer (Leitfaden zur Geschichte der Kartographie, Breslau, 1895), and H. Zondervan (Allgemeine Karten kunde, Leipzig, 1900 . There are a number of works, beautifully illus trated, which deal fully with particular periods of the subject. Among these may be mentioned Konrad Miller's Die iiltesten Weltkarten (Stuttgart, 1895-97). The contents of the following collections are more varied in their nature, viz., E. F. Jomard's Monuments de la geographie (Paris, 1862), Santarem's Atlas compose de mappemondes et de portulans, etc. (Paris, 1842-53, 78 plates) , A. E. Nordenskiold's Facsimile Atlas (Stockholm, 1889), Gabriel Marcell, Choix de cartes et de mappemondes XIVe et XVe siecles (Paris, 1896), C. H. Coote's Remarkable Maps of the XVth, XVIth and XVIIth Centuries repro duced in their Original Size (Amsterdam, , and Bibliotheca lindesiana (London, 1898) with facsimiles of the Harleian and other Dieppese maps of the 16th century. Nautical charts are dealt with in A. E. Nordenskiold's Periplus (Stockholm, 1869), and Th. Fischer's Sammlung mitteldlterlicher Welt- and Seekarten (Vienna, 1886). The discovery and mapping of America are illustrated by F. Kunstmann's Entdeckung Amerikas (Munich, 1859), K. Kretschmer's Atlas zur Entdeckung Amerikas (Berlin, 1892), G. Marcel's Reproductions de cartes et de globes relatives a la decouverte de l'Amerique du XVIe au XVIIIe siecle (Paris, 1893) and E. L. Stevenson's Maps Illustrating the early Discovery and Exploration of America, 1502-1530 (New Bruns wick, N.J., 1906). An important guide to the subject of British cartography is Sir G. Fordham's Hand-List of Catalogues and Works of Reference relating to Carto-bibliography for Great Britain and Ireland, Camb. Univ. Press (1928). (E. G. R.; C. F. CL.)