Mabinogion

Happily, Mabuse was capable of higher efforts. His St. Luke painting the portrait of the Virgin in Sanct Veit at Prague, and a variety of the same subject in the Vienna Museum, prove that travel had left many of Mabuse's fundamental peculiarities un altered. His figures still retain the character of stone ; his archi tecture, now in Italian Renaissance style, is as rich and varied, his tones are as strong as ever. But bright contrasts of gaudy tints are replaced by soberer greys ; and a cold haze pervades the sur faces. In this form the Madonnas of Munich (1527) and Vienna, in the collection of Max Wassermann, Paris, and of E. Simon, Berlin, are fair specimens of his skill.

As early as 1523, when Christian II. of Denmark came to Belgium, he asked Mabuse to paint the likenesses of his dwarfs. In 1528 he requested the artist to furnish to Jean de Hare the design for his queen Isabella's tomb in the abbey of St. Pierre near Ghent. It was no doubt at this time that Mabuse completed the portraits of John, Dorothy and Christine, children of Chris tian II., of which replicas are at Hampton Court, at Wilton House, and at Longford Castle. It is as a portrait painter that Mabuse can be seen to the best advantage. His portraits of Carondelet in the collection of M. von Guttmann in Vienna, and L. Hirsch in London; of Marquise de Vere in the Gardner collection at Boston and others in the galleries of Copenhagen, London, Paris, Berlin, in the Cook collection, Richmond, in the Pratt collection, New York, are remarkable for their strength and plasticity. In his later portraits the rendering of the hands becomes remarkably expressive of the sitter's personality. Carondelet's portrait in Vienna formed part of a diptych. The opposite wing is now in the Tommy museum and carries a half-length of St. Donatian. This diptych is one of the most powerful works of Mabuse.

When Philip of Burgundy became bishop of Utrecht, and settled at Duerstede, near Wyck, in 1517, he was accompanied by Mabuse, who helped to decorate the new palace of his master. At Philip's death, in 1524, Mabuse designed and erected his tomb in the church of Wyck. He finally retired to Middelburg, where he took service with Philip's brother, Adolph, lord of Veeren.

See M. Gossart, J. Gossaert (Lille, 1902) ; E. Weiss, J. Gossaert (Pachim, 1913) ; M. Friedlander, Van Eyck bis Bruegel (1921) ; S. M. Conway, The Van Eycks and their followers (1921) ; and A. Segard, Jean Gossart (1923).

MAC,

a Gaelic word meaning "son," and the distinguishing prefix in a large number of Scots and Irish personal names ; fre quently contracted to Mc and M' in the written form. Its use in forming Celtic patronymics is ancient in both Scots and Irish records, and may be compared with Welsh Ap (originally mob or map, the Brythonic equivalent of mac), Irish 0' in such names as O'Donnell (Scots MacDonald and MacDonnell), and Anglo Norman Fitz, etc. In the 8th century the Pictish king Angus MacFergus (Aonghas Ma cFhearghuis) prepared the way for the union of Picts and Scots, and in the following century Kenneth MacAlpin became the founder of the first dynasty to rule over a united Scotland; while Shakespeare's Macbeth has rendered familiar the name of MacAlpin's descendant two centuries later on the Scottish throne. The advent of the Norsemen, and their colonization of the Outer Isles from the Shetlands to the Isle of Man and Northern Ireland, accounts for a number of Celti cized names of old Norse origin which now also make their appear ance, such as the Gaelic mac Amhlaibh, mac Mhanuis, mac lam hair, etc., from 0. Norse Olaf or Olave, Magnus or Manus, Ivar

or Ingvar, Thorketill, Lochlann, etc., whence the more familiar f orms of Macaulay, MacManus, Maclvor, MacCorquodale, Mac lachan are derived. Association of the prefix with English names, such as Maitchie, M`Dicken, M'Cutcheon, A/Matt (i.e., Rich ardson, Dickinson, Hutchinson, Walter's son) is uncommon and always late in origin.

The Celtic names so formed are both fewer in number and more regular in structure than the wide diversity of forms and spellings that have been derived from them. Ferguson, Far quharson, Duncanson are more correctly rendered in the original "Fergus' son," or Fergusson, etc. (though using a prefix in place of a suffix). From mac Aonghais, son of Angus, come M'Ainsh, M'Innes, M`Quinness (Ir. M`Guinness), M`Neish; from mac Coinneach, son of Kenneth, M`Kinnie, M`Kenzie, M`Kenna, M`Whinnie; from mac Eachainn, son of Hector, come M`Kechnie, M`Geachie, M`Kichan; while Meikleham from M'Ilquham shows a still further process of change by ellipsis. (Cf. Welsh Map Richard and Map-Rhys, which become Ap-Ritchard, Ap-Rhys, and finally Pritchard, Price and Bryce.) The conversion of the Gaelic inflected mh and bh into its equivalent sound of v is also common, as M`Vanish son of Manus, from MacMhanuis; M`Tavish, son of Thomas, from MacTamhais, etc. (Cf. Scott's Vic Ian Vor in Waverley, i.e., Mhic lain Mhor, Son of Big John.) Among the elements that enter into these name processes, be sides the simple personal names, such as MacGregor, MacFarlane, MacAlister, from Gregory, Bartholomew (Gael. Parlain), Alex ander (Gael. Alasdair), are names of crafts, rank, personal description, etc., such as Macduff from Gaelic dubh, dark, whence also M`Duffie, MThee, M`Fie ; M`Dougall and M`Dowall from dubh ghal or Dugald, the dark stranger, MacFarquhar from fhear char, the dear man; MacKinnon, the fair born, and Mac Intyre (Mac an t-saoir), son of the carpenter, besides a number of names of religious origin, such as M`Kellar, M`Nab, M`Gil lespie, M`Taggart (Mac an t-sagairt), son of the prior, abbot, bishop, priest (another form of which is M`Millan, the bald or tonsured). Names incorporating initial Gil, Il, Le, etc., are derivatives from gille or ghill', a lad or servant, which is common to names of religious origin and in naming after saints, as M`Gilchrist (Mac gille Chriosd), M'Ilhose or Maclehose, M`Gil livray or M'Ilwraith, M`Lean, M'Clure, son of the servant of Christ, of Jesus, of judgment (bhraith), of John, and of the Book (Leabhair) or Bible. MacIntosh (Mac an Misch), son of the chief, is an instance of a name of rank. In Celtic Scotland the toiseach was the head of a district under the maormaers or stew ards of the great provinces, who later became earls, while toiseach is frequently translated thane in English, though without the English sense. Under the clan system which reached its greatest development later, it may be more exactly rendered the chief of the clan in a particular district. It is also owing to this community system that the use of the patronymic to decide relationship, at first of father and son, and by extension all children or descend ants, became part of the social heritage and structure of the Scots, and took the place of the feudal relationships which spread elsewhere.