The boundary on the north had not yet been ascertained and had long been a subject of dispute between the United States and Great Britain. The treaty of 1783 (Article II.) had defined the north-east boundary of the United States as extending along the middle of the river St. Croix "from its mouth in the Bay of Fundy to its source" and "due north from the source of St. Croix river to the highlands ; along the said highlands which divide those rivers that empty themselves into the river St. Lawrence from those which fall into the Atlantic ocean, to the north-westernmost head of Connecticut river, thence down along the middle of that river to the forty-fifth degree of north latitude." Great Britain claimed that the due north line was 4om. long and ran to Mars Hill in Aroostook county, and that the highlands ran thence westerly 115m. to the source of the Chaudiere. The United States, on the other hand, claimed that the northerly line was 14om. long, running to the highlands dividing the Restigouche and the tribu taries of the Metis ; and there was a further disagreement with regard to the side of the highlands on which the boundary should be, and as to what stream was the "north-westernmost head of Connecticut river." The 5th Article of the Jay treaty of 1794 provided for a commission to decide what the St. Croix river actually was, and this commission in 1798 defined the St. Croix, saying that its mouth was in Passamaquoddy bay and that the boundary ran up this river and the Cheputratecook to a marked monument. The Treaty of Ghent in 1814 (Article IV.) referred the question of the ownership of the islands in Passamaquoddy bay to a commission, which gave Moose, Dudley and Frederick islands to the United States, and (Article V.) provided for the survey (which was made in 1817-18) of a part of the disputed territory, and for a general commission. The general commis sioners met at St. Andrews, N.B., in 1816, and in New York city in 1822, only to disagree; and when the king of the Nether lands, chosen as arbitrator in 1829 (under the convention of 1827), rendered in 1831 a decision against which the State of Maine protested, the Federal senate withheld its assent to his decision. In 1838-39 the territory in dispute between New Bruns wick and Maine became the scene of a border disturbance, known as the "Aroostook War"; Maine erected forts along the line she claimed, Congress authorized the president to resist any attempt of Great Britain to enforce exclusive jurisdiction over the dis puted territory, and an armed conflict seemed imminent. Gen. Winfield Scott was sent to take command on the Maine frontier, and on March 21, 1839, he arranged a truce and a joint occupancy of the territory in dispute until a satisfactory settlement should be reached by the United States and Great Britain. The Webster Ashburton treaty of 1842 was a compromise which allowed Maine about 5,500 sq.m. less than she had claimed, and allowed Great Britain about as much less than her claim. All grants of land previously made by either party within the limits of the territory which by this treaty fell within the dominions of the other party were to be "held valid, ratified and confirmed to the persons in possession under such grants, to the same extent as if such territory . . . fallen within the dominions of the party by whom such grants were made." The government of the United States agreed to pay to Maine and Massachusetts "in equal moieties" the sum of $300,000 as compensation for the lands which they had claimed, and which under the treaty they were called upon to surrender. In 1853 Maine acquired from Massa chusetts for $362,500 the latter's claim to all land in the disputed area. The "North-East Boundary Dispute," was settled in 1910.
The Democratic majority in the district of Maine effected the separation from Massachusetts, and from the date of that separa tion until 1853 Maine was classed as a Democratic State, although it elected a Whig governor in 1838 and in 1840, and cast its electoral vote for John Quincy Adams in 1824 and in 1828, and for W. H. Harrison in 1840. Maine was a pioneer in laws regulat ing the liquor business. In 1846 the first prohibitory law was passed ; but, owing to its many weaknesses, a new and stricter law became effective in 1851. As a result of the prohibition and slavery questions, there was a party disintegration between 1850 and 1855, followed by the supremacy of the Republican Party from 1856 to 1878. In 1878 the electorate failed to select a governor, as no candidate received a majority of the votes as required by the Constitution. A Democratic-National fusion in the legislature resulted in the election of Alonzo Garcelon (1813 1906), the Democratic candidate. Again there was no election by popular vote in 1879, and Garcelon and his council secured a fusion majority in the legislature. On Jan. 3, 188o, the Supreme
Court declared the governor and council in error in counting in a fusion majority, but on Jan. 7 the governor swore in a legislature with 78 fusion and only two Republican members, and, the gover nor's term having expired, the president of the senate, James D. Lamson, became governor ex officio. On Jan. 12 the Republicans, whose organized legislature was declared legal by the Supreme Court, seized the legislative chambers and chose as governor Daniel Franklin Davis (1843-97). On Jan. 17, Joshua L. Cham berlain, to whom the peaceful solution of the difficulty had largely been due, retired from the task assigned him by Garcelon on Jan. 5 "to protect the public property and institutions of the State" until Garcelon's successor should be duly qualified. In 1880 the Democrats and Greenbackers united and elected their candidate, but after 1883 Maine was strongly Republican until 1910.
Maine's position as a favourite resort for summer vacationists dates from about 1870, when camps, summer hotels and boarding houses began to multiply throughout the State. The needs of this summer population gave a new turn to certain types of agriculture, and the demand for souvenirs revived among the Indians basket-weaving, moccasin-making and such crafts. In 1875 a compulsory education act was passed. The law prohibit ing the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquor was made a part of the Constitution in 1884 by an overwhelming majority of the votes cast. In 1914 the Public Utilities commission was created by an act of the legislature; in the year following, a work men's compensation law was adopted. The administrative func tions of the State were reorganized in 1931 into five departments.
The Republicans have generally controlled Maine since the early eighties, although the Democrats elected a Governor in 1910 and won the State's vote for Wilson in 1912. Two decades later the Democrats again elected a Governor, Louis J. Brann, thus providing a good omen for the party's national triumph two months later. Roosevelt failed to carry Maine at that time, but Brann was reelected in 1934. The State's vote for repeal of the 18th amendment in 1933 and for the repeal of its own consti tutional provision for prohibition in 1934 further revealed its break from historic traditions. The long contemplated Passama quoddy Bay hydro-electric project was indorsed in 1934 as a New Deal public works project in order to relieve unemployment and to harness the natural energy of the tides, but was discontinued in June 1936 with the failure of Congress to appropriate funds. In the elections of September 1936, Democratic Governor Brann was defeated for the U.S. Senate and Lewis 0. Barrows, a Repub lican, was chosen. Maine again failed as indicator of national re sults, for the State was one of two casting its electoral votes for Gov. Alfred M. Landon, the Republican presidential candidate.
BisuoGRAPHY.—There is no satisfactory complete history of Maine. Maine, A History (5 vols., 1919), edit. by Louis C. Hatch, treats the State's history to the date of its publication. Bibliographical aids are: Joseph Williamson, Bibliography of the State of Maine from the Earliest Period to 1891 (1896) ; H. W. Bryant, Check List of Maine Town Histories (19o2-o4) ; and A. J. Huston, Check List of Maine Local Histories (1915). For early history, see Henry S. Burrage, The Beginnings of Colonial Maine, 1602-58 (1914) and Gorges and the Grant of the Province of Maine, 1622 (1923) ; H. M. Sylvester, Maine Pioneer Settlements (5 vols., 1909) ; J. P. Baxter, Sir Ferdi nando Gorges and his Province of Maine (189o) ; W. D. Williamson, History of the State of Maine (Hallowell, 1832) ; and J. L. Chamber lain, Maine, Her Place in History (Augusta, 1877). See also W. K. Moorehead, A Report on the Archaeology of Maine (1922) ; Maine Historical Society Collections (in 3 series, 1831, et seq.) ; Gorges Society Publications (1884. et seq.) ; Documentary History of the State of Maine, published by the Maine Historical Society (24 vols., 18g6 1916) ; and George Folsom, A Catalogue of Original Documents in the English Archives Relating to . . . Maine (1858). For administra tion, see the Maine Register; Maine Statutes; and the Reports of the various State departments, boards, and commissions. For population. agriculture, etc., see also the Fifteenth U.S. Census Reports; the Agricultural Yearbook; and the 1935 Census of Manufactures. For description, see L. L. Hubbard, Woods and Lakes of Maine (1883) ; Walter Emerson, When North Winds Blow (1922) ; and Mineral Resources of the United States, the annual report of the U.S. Bureau of Mines. (K. C. M. S.)