Malay Archipelago

While the Dutch were consolidating their authority, other coun tries were acquiring new commercial or colonial interests in the archipelago. Immigration from China and Japan steadily in creased, especially towards the end of the period 1816-1910. The enterprise of Sir James Brooke (q.v.) led, after 1838, to the es tablishment of British sovereignty in North West Borneo; in 1895 New Guinea was divided between Great Britain, and the Netherlands; the Spanish-American War of 1898 re sulted in the cession of the Philippines, Sulu Island and the largest of the Mariana islands to the United States, and the sale of the Caroline group to Germany. Australian and Japanese trade in the archipelago was stimulated by the establishment of the Australian Commonwealth 0900 and the Russo-Japanese War The effect of the war of 1914 was to deprive Germany of the Caroline Islands and the Northern part of New Guinea which is now administered under mandate by the Commonwealth of Australia. The division of Timor (the Portuguese portion of which was formerly joined up with Macao for administrative pur poses but is now independent of that island) between Portugal and Holland is reminiscent of the struggles of past centuries. The

Dutch Portuguese Treaty of 1859, modified by the Convention of 1908, settled all outstanding questions. Apart from the Philip pines, the Malay archipelago is now almost wholly in the hands of the British and the Dutch, whose rivalry has become wholly economic, with plantation rubber as the chief commodity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-For

the period 1511-95, the chief Portuguese authorities are the chronicles of Barros, Correa, Castanheda and Couto (see PORTUGAL, History), with the letters of Xavier (q.v.) and the Tratado of A. Galvao (Lisbon 1563 and 1731), of which a translation entitled Discoveries of the World was made for Richard Hakluyt and reprinted by the Hakluyt Society (1862). See also M. F. de Navarette, Coleccion de los viages (Vols. 4 and 5, Madrid 1837). For later history see John Crawfurd Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands (Edin burgh, 1820), and Twentieth Century Impressions of Netherlands India (ed. A. Wright, 191o) which gives references to the principal English and Dutch authorities. A. Cabaton, Les Indes Neerlandaises. Further bibliography will be found in J. A. Van der Chijs, Proeve eener nederlandsch-indische Bibliografie, 1659-187o (Batavia, 1875).