This event, added to other raids from across the border, led to an irregular expedition being led into Trengganu and Kelantan by the resident of Pahang (Mr.-later Sir-Hugh Clifford) in 1895, and this had the desired result. The rebel chiefs were banished to Siam, and no breach of the peace has troubled Pahang since that time. Pahang joined the Federated Malay States by a treaty signed in 1895, and the sultan and his principal chiefs were pres ent at the federal durbar held at Kuala Kangsar in Perak in 1897. The census taken in April 1901 gave the total population of Pahang at 84,113. In 1921 it was 146,064, of whom 102,258 were Malays, 34,104 Chinese, 8,692 Tamils and other natives of India, 294 Europeans and Eurasians, and 616 people of other nation alities. The long succession of civil wars which racked the land after the death of Bendahara Ali caused thousands of Pahang Malays to fly the country. Today the valley of the Lebir river in Kelantan and the upper portions of several rivers near the Perak and Selangor boundaries are inhabited by Pahang Malays, the descendants of these fugitives. The Pahang natives are almost all engaged in agriculture. The work of the mines, etc., is per formed by foreign labour. In the Lipis valley the descendants of the Rawa Malays (from Sumatra) who at one time possessed the interior in defiance of the Pahang rajahs, still outnumber the people of the land. Total population estimate of 1932 was 176,068.
The revenue of Pahang in 1899 amounted to only $62,077; in 1900 to $419,150. In 1926 it was The expenditure in 1926 amounted to Of this sum $796,354 was expended on public works. The liabilities of the State on Jan. 1, 1926 were $13,885,192. The value of the imports in 1926 was that of the exports was $15,451,181. The most valuable export is rubber, the value of which in 1926 amounted to $9,046,980. The value of the tin exported was $8,418,964 A road over the mountains, 82mi. long, joins Kuala Lipis, the administrative capital of Pahang, to Kuala Kubu, the nearest rail way station in Selangor. Another joins Bentong to Kuala Lumpor and a third Bentong to Negri Sembilan. Pekan, where the sultan resides, was the capital of Pahang until 1898, when headquarters were transferred to the interior as being more central. None of these towns is of any size. In the Kuantan valley, which lies parallel to the Pahang river, a European company is working one of the world's greatest lode tin-mines. Pahang is fertile and well suited for agriculture. The rainfall is heavy and regular. The climate is cooler than that of the west coast, and the full force of the monsoon is felt from October to February. The State is divided into four districts—Ulu Pahang, in which the capital is situated; Temerloh, which includes 8o odd miles of the Pahang valley and the Semantan river; Pekan, which includes the coast rivers down to Endau ; and Kuantan. Each of these is under the
charge of a district officer. The boundary with Johore and the Negri Sembilan was rectified by a commission which sat in London in 1897-1898.
of the Eastern Archipelago (Singapore) ; Journal of the Straits (now Malayan) Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Singapore) ; Maxwell, Proceedings of the Royal Colonial Institute, vol. xxiii.; Swettenham, ibid. vol. xxvii.; Clifford, ibid. vol. xxx. (1892, 1895, 1899) ; Swettenham, About Perak (Singapore, 1893) ; Malay Sketches (1895) ; The Real Malay (1899) ; British Malaya (1906) ; Clifford, In Court and Kampong (1897) ; Studies in Brown Humanity (London, 1898) ; In a Corner of Asia (1899) ; Bush-whack ing (19oi) ; A Prince of Malaya; The Further Side of Silence; Further India (1904) ; De la Croix, Les Mines d'etains de Perak (1882) ; Bluebook, C. 9524 (1899) ; The Straits Directory (Singapore) ; Skeat, Malay Magic (1900) ; Skeat and Blagden, Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula (1906) ; T. R. Hubback, Elephant and Sladang Hunting (London ; H. C. Belfield, Handbook of the Federated Malay States (1906) ; R. J. Wilkinson, ed., Papers on Malay Subjects (1914, etc.) ; R. 0. Winstedt, Malayan Memories (Singapore, 1916) ; Feder ated Malay States, Civil Service Committee, Reprint of Memorials, Minutes, Correspondence, Despatches and Schemes, i9oo to 1917 (1917) ; R. 0. Winstedt, Malaya, the Straits Settlements and the Fed erated and Unfederated Malay States (1923) ; C. W. Harrison, An Illustrated Guide to the Federated Malay States, 4th imp. (1923). Malay States Information Agency, British Malaya, Trade and Com merce (1924) • By a treaty in 1909, Siam ceded to Great Britain suzerain rights over the four Siamese Malay States : Kelantan, Trengganu, Kedah and Perlis, whic:i for centuries had been dependencies of Siam and all of which, except Trengganu, were in a flourishing condition and had been administered by British officers in the service of Siam for some years before the transfer. Though the four states were loyal to Siam and wished to retain their former allegiance, the change was effected without disturbance. The British govern ment put an adviser at the court of each raja and guaranteed administration on the lines laid down by Siam so far as might be compatible with justice and fair treatment for all. The four states lie to the north of the Federated Malay States, two on the east and two on the west side of the peninsula. In 1914 the friendly southern state Johore accepted an adviser.