Mars
Mars, In Astronomy, The Fourth Planet In The Order Of Distance From The Sun, And The Next Outside The Earth. To The Naked Eye It Appears As A Bright Star Of A Decidedly Reddish Or Lurid Tint, Which Contrasts Strongly With The Whiteness Of Venus And Jupiter. At Opposition It ...
Martello Tower
Martello Tower, A Kind Of Tower Formerly Used In English Coast Defence. The Name Is A Corruption Of Mortella. The Martello Tower Was Introduced In Consequence Of An Incident Of The French Revolutionary Wars. In September 1793 A British Squadron Of Three Ships Of The Line And Two Frigates Was ...
Marten
Marten, The Name Originally Applied To The Pine-marten (mustela Martes) But Now Used For All Members Of This Genus Of Carnivorous Mammals (see Carnivora). Martens Are Confined To The Temperate And Subtropical Parts Of The Northern Hemisphere, Save For One Species Which Extends To Java. They Inhabit Wooded And Rocky ...
Marthas Vineyard
Martha's Vineyard, An Island Of South-eastern Mass Achusetts, Five Miles Across Vineyard Sound From The "heel" Of Cape Cod. It Comprises About I Oosq.m., Its Greatest Length Being 191m. And Its Greatest Width, From North To South, 9i Miles. It Figured Largely In The Whaling Industry And Merchant Trade Of ...
Martial Law
Martial Law. "martial Law" Is A Much Misunderstood Term, The Use Of Which Has Given Rise To A Great Deal Of Speculation. Definition.—much Of The Confusion And Doubt About Its Mean Ing And The Powers Exercisable In Its Name Would Have Been Avoided If Modern Writers Had Been Careful To ...
Martial Law And The
Martial Law And The World War A Somewhat Paradoxical Situation Arose With The Outbreak Of The World War. England Was At War With Germany, But There Was No "state Of War" In England, In Other Words, No Internal Disturbance Such As Would Justify Resort To Martial Law. On The Other ...
Martial Marcus Valerius Martialis
Martial (marcus Valerius Martialis) (b. Between A.d. 38 And 41, Died C. A.d. 502), Roman Epigrammatist, Was Born At Bilbilis (bambola), In Spain (mart. I. 61. Ii Te, Liciniane, Glori Abitur Nostra Nec Me Tacebit Bilbilis). The Date Of His Birth Is Inferred From His Own Words In X. 24, ...
Martial And Common Law
Martial And Common Law The Truth Of The Matter Is That The Term Martial Law Is Really An Anachronism And Legally Means Nothing At All. Martial Law Is Simply, As Fitzjames Stephen Put It, "the Assumption By The Officers Of The Crown Of Absolute Power Exercised By Military Force For ...
Martin 1483 1546 Luther
Luther, Martin (1483-1546), The Great German Reli Gious Reformer, Was Born On Nov. 1483, At Eisleben, In The County Of Mansfeld, Whither His Parents, Hans Luther And Mar Garet Ziegler, Who Belonged To The Free Peasant Class, Had Migrated From Miihra In Thuringia. Six Months Later They Removed To The ...
Martin Iv
Martin Iv. (simon Mompitie De Brion), Pope From Feb. 22, 1281, To March 28, 1285, Should Have Been Named Martin Ii. He Was Born About 1210 In Touraine. He Became A Priest At Rouen And Canon Of St. Martin's At Tours, And Was Made Chan Cellor Of France By Louis ...
Martin V
Martin V. (otto Colonna) (1417-1431) Was Elected At Con Stance On St. Martin's Day, In A Conclave Composed Of Twenty Three Cardinals And Thirty Delegates From The Five Different "nations" Of The Council. Having Become A Cardinal Under Inno Cent Vii., He Had Seceded From Gregory Xii. In 1408, And ...
Martinet
Martinet, A Military Term (more Generally Used In A Dis Paraging Than In A Complimentary Sense) Implying A Strict Dis Ciplinarian Or Drill-master. The Term Originated In The French Army About The Middle Of Louis Xiv.'s Reign, And Was Derived From Jean Martinet, Who As Lieutenant-colonel Of The King's Regiment ...
Martinique
Martinique, An Island Of The West Indies, A French Colony In The Chain Of The Lesser Antilles, 25 M. S. Of Dominica And 20 M. N. Of St. Lucia, Both British Islands, About 14° 40' N., 61° W. Length 4o M., Greatest Width 21 M. ; Area 38o Sq.m. A ...
Martyrology
Martyrology, A Catalogue Or List Of Martyrs Or, More Exactly, Of Saints, Arranged In The Order Of Their Anniversaries. This Is The Now Accepted Meaning In The Latin Church. In The Eastern Church The Nearest Equivalent To The Martyrology Is The Greek Synaxarium. As Regards Form, We Should Distinguish Be ...
Mary
Mary (1867– ), Queen Consort Of George V, Daughter Of The Duke Of Teck And Mary Adelaide, Daughter Of Adolphus, Duke Of Cambridge., Seventh Son Of George Iii., Was Born At Kensington Palace May 26, 1867, And Was Baptised As Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes. She Was ...
Mary
Mary, The Mother Of Jesus. At The Time When The Gospel History Begins, She Had Her Home In Galilee, At The Village Of Nazareth. Of Her Parentage Nothing Is Recorded In Any Extant Historical Document Of The 1st Century, For The Genealogy In Luke Iii. (cf. I. 27) Is Manifestly ...
Mary 1496 1533
Mary (1496-1533), Queen Of France, Daughter Of Henry Vii. Of England And Elizabeth Of York. The Treaty Of Calais (dec. 21, 1507) Arranged For Her Marriage With Charles Of Austria (charles V.) When The Prince Reached The Age Of And The Wedding Was Celebrated By Proxy In 15o8. The Contract ...
Mary I
Mary I., Queen Of England (1516-1558), Unpleasantly Re Membered As "the Bloody Mary" On Account Of The Religious Persecutions Which Prevailed During Her Reign, Was The Daughter Of Henry Viii. And Catherine Of Aragon, Born In The Earlier Years Of Their Married Life, When As Yet No Cloud Had Darkened ...
Mary Ii 1662 1694
Mary Ii. (1662-1694), Queen Of England, Wife Of King William Iii., Elder Daughter Of James, Duke Of York, Afterwards King James Ii., By His First Wife, Anne, Daughter Of Edward Hyde, 1st Earl Of Clarendon, Was Born In London On April 30, 1662. She Was Educated As A Protestant, And ...
Mary Mason 1797 1849 Lyon
Lyon, Mary Mason (1797-1849), American Educator, Was Born On Feb. 28, 1797, On A Farm Near Buckland, Mass. She Began To Teach When She Was 17, And In 1817, With Earnings From Spinning And Weaving, She Went To Sanderson Academy, Ashfield, Where The Other Pupils Failed To Keep Within Reciting ...
Mary Queen Of Scots
Mary Queen Of Scots' (1542-1587), Daughter Of King James V. And His Wife Mary Of Lorraine, Was Born At Linlithgow In Dec. 1542, A Few Days Before The Death Of Her Father. In July 1543 A Treaty For The Betrothal Of The Infant To Edward, Heir Of Henry Viii. Of ...
Maurice Maeterlinck
Maeterlinck, Maurice (1862— ) , Belgian French Dramatist And Poet, Of Flemish Extraction, Was Born At Ghent On Aug. 29, 1862. He Was Educated At The College Sainte Barbe, And Then At The University Of Ghent. In 1887 He Settled In Paris, Where He Immediately Became Acquainted With Villiers De ...
Measurement Of Areas
Measurement Of Areas This Is Easy If The Map At Our Disposal Is Drawn On An Equal Area Projection. In That Case We Need Simply Cover The Map With A Network Of Squares—the Area Of Each Of Which Has Been De Termined With Reference To The Scale Of The Map—count ...
Measurement Of Magnetization And
Measurement Of Magnetization And Induction The High Magnetic Permeability Of Ferromagnetics Permits The Use Of A Number Of Methods, Not Generally Applicable, For Deter Mining Their Magnetic Characteristics. Much Experimental Work Has Been Carried Out Owing To The Importance Of A Knowledge Of The Magnetic Properties Of Different Types Of ...
Measurement On Maps
Measurement On Maps Measurement Of Distance.—the Shortest Distance Between Two Places On The Surface Of A Globe Is Represented By The Arc Of A Great Circle. If The Two Places Are Upon The Same Meridian Or Upon The Equator The Exact Distance Separating Them Is To Be Found By Reference ...
Measurements On Feebly Magnetic
Measurements On Feebly Magnetic Substances The Methods Which Have Been Described, By Which The Suscepti Bility Of Ferromagnetics May Be Determined, Are Not Applicable To Dia- And Paramagnetics Whose Susceptibility Is Usually Very Small. The Methods Employed Are Generally Based On The Measurement Of The Forces Exerted On A Body ...
Military Law
Military Law.) Biamorapsy.—morgan And Baty, War, Its Conduct And Legal Re In The United States, Martial Law, As Distinguished From Mili Tary Law, Is The Temporary Government And Control, Under A Body Of Principles Or Doctrines, By The Military Authorities, Of A Territory Or A State In Which, By Reason ...
Modern Maps
Modern Maps From The Middle Of The 18th Century To The Early Part Of The 19th Was A Period Which Witnessed The Beginning Of Regular Topo Graphical Surveys In Many Countries. Thus, In France, Cassini De Thury Commenced The First Regular Topographical Map In The Scale Of This Map Was ...
Nathaniel 0818 1860 Lyon
Lyon, Nathaniel 0818-1860, American Soldier, Was Born In Ashford, Conn., On July 14, 1818, And Graduated At West Point In 1841. He Was Engaged In The Seminole War And The War With Mexico. In 1851, While Serving In California, He Was Pro Moted Captain, And Two Years Later Was Ordered ...
Nathaniel Macon
Macon, Nathaniel American Political Leader, Was Born At Macon Manor, North Carolina, Dec. 17, 1758. He Studied At The College Of New Jersey (now Princeton Uni Versity) From 1774 To 1776, When The Institution Was Closed On Account Of The Outbreak Of The Revolutionary War. In 1777-80 He Studied Law ...
Niccolo Machiavelli
Machiavelli, Niccolo Italian States Man And Writer, Was Born At Florence On May 3, 1469. His An Cestry Claimed Blood Relationship With The Lords Of Montespertoli, A Fief Situated Between Val Di Pesa And Val D'elsa, At No Great Distance From The City. Niccolo's Father, Bernardo (b. 1428), Fol Lowed ...
Nicolas 1632 1693 Mass
Mass, Nicolas (1632-1693), Dutch Painter Born At Dor Drecht, Went About 165o To Amsterdam, Where He Entered Rem Brandt's Studio. Before His Return To Dordrecht In 1654 Maes Painted A Few Rembrandtesque Genre Pictures, With Life-size Figures And In A Deep Glowing Scheme Of Colour. Like The "reverie" At The ...
Oil Burning In Marine
Oil Burning In Marine Boilers Since The World War Oil Fuel Burning For Marine Boilers Has Made Rapid Strides, And But For The Question Of Cost Would Be More Generally Adopted. As An Example Of Saving In Boiler Room Staff, After The Cunarder "aquitania" Was Converted To Burn Oil, Her ...
Othniel Charles Marsh
Marsh, Othniel Charles American Palaeontologist, Was Born In Lockport, N.y., On Oct. 29, 1831. He Graduated At Yale College In 186o, And Studied Geology And Mineralogy In The Sheffield Scientific School, New Haven, And Afterwards Palaeontology And Anatomy In Berlin, Heidelberg And Breslau. Returning To America In 1866 He Was ...
Paramagnetism
Paramagnetism The Distinctive Characteristics Of Paramagnetics Have Already Been Mentioned. In This Section Some Of The Quantitative Experi Mental Data Will Be Considered And Their Theoretical Significance Discussed. A Considerable Number Of Susceptibility Measurements Were Made On Paramagnetics Before Curie's Investigation Was Carried Out (1895) ; But The Results Were ...
Pasquale Stanislao Mancini
Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao , Ital Ian Jurist And Statesman, Was Born At Castel Baronia, In The Prov Ince Of Avellino, On March 17, 1817. In 1848 He Helped To Per Suade Ferdinand Ii. Of Naples To Participate In The War Against Austria. Upon The Triumph Of The Reactionary Party He ...
Paul Manship
Manship, Paul ), American Sculptor, Was Born In St. Paul, Minn., On Dec. 25, 1885. He Studied At The St. Paul Institute Of Art, The Pennsylvania Academy Of Fine Arts At Philadelphia, And In New York City. In 1909 He Went To Rome, Having Been Awarded A Scholarship At The ...
Paul Margueritte
Margueritte, Paul (186o-1918) And Victor (1866— ), French Novelists, Both Born In Algeria, Were The Sons Of General Jean Auguste Margueritte (1823-7o). Paul Margueritte, Born Feb. 1, 1860, Who Has Given A Picture Of His Home In Algiers In Le Jardin Du Passé (1895), Was Sent To The Military School ...
Perature Change With Temper
Perature Change With Temper- Material. Below The Curie Point Ature For Nickel A Ferromagnetic Substance Has, In Addition To The Ordinary Energy Possessed By A Non-magnetic Substance, A Magnetic Energy Depending On The Spontaneous Mag Netization. The Spontaneous Magnetization Decreases With Increas Ing Temperature, Corresponding To A Change From A ...
Pierre Carlet De Chamblain
Marivaux, Pierre Carlet De Chamblain De (1688-1763), French Novelist And Dramatist, Was Born At Paris On Feb. 4, 1688. His Father Became Director Of The Mint At Riom In Auvergne, And Pierre Was Brought Up There And At Limoges. Marivaux Began His Literary Career By Writing Plays, Admirable And Graceful ...
Polyconic Projections
Polyconic Projections These Pseudo-conical Projections Are Valuable Not So Much For Their Intrinsic Merits As For The Fact That They Lend Themselves To Tabulation. There Are Two Forms, The Simple Or Equidistant Polyconic, And The Rectangular Polyconic. The Simple Polyconic.—if A Cone Touches The Sphere Or Spheroid Along A Parallel ...
Possible Economies In Distribution
Possible Economies In Distribution Avoidable Waste.—the Following Statements Outline Briefly A Few Of The Details Of Distribution Which It Seems Certain Must Receive Attention In Order To Secure More Economical Distribution. No Doubt Many More Could Be Added. Poor Roads Greatly Increase The Costs Of Bringing The Farmers' Crops And ...
Projection By Rectangular Spheroidal
Projection By Rectangular Spheroidal Co-ordinates If In The Simple Conical Projection The Selected Parallel Is The Equator, This And The Other Parallels Become Parallel Straight Lines And The Meridians Are Straight Lines Spaced At Equatorial Distances, Cutting The Parallels At Right Angles; The Parallels Are Their True Distances Apart. This ...
Ras Tafari Makonnen
Makonnen, Ras Tafari ), King Of Abyssinia, "king Of The Kings Of Ethiopia, Lion Of Judah, The Elect Of God," Born July 17, 1891, Was Great-grandson Of Haile Melekot, King Of Shoa, And Son Of A Distinguished Soldier And Diplomat. He Was Educated By The French Mission At Harrar. In ...
Retailing
Retailing Types Of Retailing.—goods Reach Consumers By Retail In The Following Ways : By Canvassing, That Is, By Sale From House To House; From Samples; By Peddling, That Is, By Sale From Stock Carried By Wagon Or Truck Or Even From A Pack Carried On The Back Of The Salesman; ...
Robert Robert Of Brunne
Mannyng, Robert (robert Of Brunne) (c. I264 1340?), English Poet, Was A Native Of Brunne, Now Bourne, In Lincolnshire. About 6 M. From Bourne Was The Gilbertine Monas Tery Of Sempringham, Founded By Sir Gilbert De Sempringham In 1139. The Foundation Provided For Seven To 13 Canons, With A Number ...
Robert Walker Macbeth
Macbeth, Robert Walker Painter, Was Born At Glasgow On Sept. 3o, 1848. He Studied Art At The Royal Scottish Academy, And In 1871 Came To London Where He Was For Some Time On The Staff Of The Graphic. Both As Painter And Etcher He Was Very Popular. He Died At ...
Salomon Maimon
Maimon, Salomon German Philosopher, Was Born Of Jewish Parentage In Polish Lithuania, And Died At Nieder-siegersdorf On Nov. 2 2, I800. He Married At The Age Of 12, And Studied Medicine In Berlin. In 177o He Severed His Con Nection With His Orthodox Co-religionists By His Critical Com Mentary On ...
Second Battle Of The
Marne, Second Battle Of The. This Marked The Turning Of The Tide In The Final Year Of The World War (q.v.). On July 15, 1918, The Rheims District Was The Scene Of The Last German Offensive On The Western Front, And Three Days Later, When This Was Stemmed, The Ebb ...
Simone Martini
Martini, Simone (c. 1284-1344), Sienese Painter, Prob Ably A Pupil Of Duccio, From Whom He Inherited His Love Of Har Monious Colour, To Which He Added A Grace Of Line And Delicacy Of Interpretation Beyond Anything To Be Found In His Master's Works. The Beings He Created Move In A ...
Sir Alexander Campbell 1847 1935
M A C K E N Z I E, Sir Alexander Campbell (1847-1935), British Composer, Son Of An Eminent Edinburgh Violinist And Conductor, Was Born On Aug. 22, 1847. Mackenzie Studied At The Sondershausen Conservatorium Under Ulrich And Stein, And In 1861 Entered The Ducal Orchestra As A Violinist. At ...
Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall
Lyall, Sir Alfred Comyn , Anglo Indian Administrator And Writer, Was Born On Jan. 4, 1835, At Coulsdon, Surrey, And Educated At Eton And Haileybury. He Entered The Bengal Civil Service In 1855 And Saw Service During The Mutiny In The Bulandshakr District, At Meerut, And In Rohil Khand. Lyall's ...
Sir Arthur Henry 1862
M'mahon, Sir Arthur Henry (1862- ), K.c. I.e. (1906), G.c.m.g. (1916), British Soldier And Administrator, Was Born On Nov. 28, 1862, The Son Of General C. A. M'mahon, F.r.s. He Was Educated At Haileybury And Entered Sandhurst. In 1883 He Joined The Army, And Later, Having Joined The Indian Political ...
Sir Charles 1797 1875 Lyell
Lyell, Sir Charles (1797-1875), British Geologist, Son Of Charles Lyell Of Kinnordy, Forfarshire, Was Born On Nov. 14, On The Family Estate In Scotland. His Father (1767-1849) Was Known Both As A Botanist And As The Translator Of The Vita Nuova And The Convito Of Dante : The Plant Lyellia ...
Sir Clements Robert Markham
Markham, Sir Clements Robert (183o-1916), C.b. (1871), K.c.b. (1896), English Geographer And Historical Writer, Son Of The Rev. David F. Markham, Canon Of Windsor, Was Born On July 20, 183o At Stillingfleet, Near York, And Went To Westminster School. He Entered The Navy In 1844 And Passed For A Lieutenant ...