European Miniature Painting

art, portraits, oil and enamel

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Respecting the colours used by the artists who painted on ivory, we have ample details, as many of them have left behind speci mens of their colours and information concerning their technique and media.

Painting in oil upon copper, or very occasionally upon silver plates was an art that was peculiarly characteristic of the Nether lands and also of Italy. There was a long series of artists about whose art history we know very little, who in Holland produced numberless miniature paintings of this kind. They are seldom signed. The English and French miniature painters produced very few oil paintings on metal, in fact, hardly a single example can be attributed to any of them with certainty. In Italy, the art was more usually accepted, and there are several painters, particularly of the later Bolognese school, who are known to have practised this art, but small oil portraits on copper attributed to the great masters, such as Tintoretto in Italy, and Velasquez and El Greco in Spain, must be considered as having names attributed to them very much at haphazard. We have no evidence to support such a contention, but a considerable amount of evidence to set against it. There is a bare possibility that some of them may have ex perimented in such a medium, but they have left no record of such experiments, either amongst their papers or in contemporary records or by means of their own signatures.

Portraits in Enamel.

The art of portraits in enamel is an important section of the study of portrait miniatures. The very finest works of this kind were produced by Petitot (1607-1691) who worked under Louis XIV., and whose son succeeded him in the same profession. Among the chief exponents of this art who sometimes came and settled down in England, Boit and Zincke may be mentioned as examples. Enamel portraits required the greatest possible skill and a never-ending patience to produce them. A few moments too long exposure in the kiln might entirely ruin the work of a very long period. We do not even yet know how Petitot painted some of his very finest enamels, and what method he adopted for burning them. Some of his best are on gold instead of copper plates. The greatest English exponent of the art was Henry Bone, and there are many other members of the same family who were closely associated with him in producing fine portraits in enamel. Painters in enamel frequently also copied well known works that had been executed in oil, producing small-sized reproductions of great charm and beauty, with the added advan tage of being imperishable and almost indestructible. (See PENCIL

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