Massachusetts

Owing to the extraordinary number of able men, the influence of Massachusetts in the intellectual life of the nation has been out of all proportion to its size and population. The roll of his torians has been notable, including John Winthrop and William Bradford in the settlement period, Thomas Hutchinson in the revolutionary one, and culminating with Bancroft, Sparks, Pres cott, Motley, Parkman, Thayer, Henry Adams, historian and phi losopher, and Rhodes by adoption. In poetry we have R. H. Dana, Bryant, Longfellow, Whittier, Lowell, Holmes and Amy Lowell; in philosophy and theology, Jonathan Edwards, Channing, Emerson, Parker and William James ; in fiction, Mrs. Stowe and Haw thorne; in education, Horace Mann and Charles W. Eliot ; in oratory and statesmanship, James Otis, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Webster, Choate, Everett, Sumner, and Wendell Phillips; in social statecraft Josiah Quincy, S. G. Howe and B. F. Sanborn; and in law, Story, Parsons, Shaw, Holmes and Brandeis.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-Topography.-W.

M. Davis, Physical Geography of Southern New England (1896) ; U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 1r6, H. Gannett, "Geographic Dictionary of Massachusetts"; M. Keir, "Some Influences of the Sea upon the Industries of New England," American Geographical Review, vol. v. Minerals.—U.S. Census Re ports, and U.S. Geological Survey annual volumes on Mineral Re sources. Agriculture.—U.S. and Mass. State Census Reports; reports and other publications of the State board of agriculture, the Agricul tural college, and of the Experiment Station at Amherst; and P. W. Bidwell, "The Agricultural Revolution in New England," American Historical Review, vol. xxvi. Manufactures.—U.S. Census Reports; annual reports of the State Bureau of Statistics of Labour ; M. T. Copeland, The Cotton Manufactures in the U.S. (1912) ; V. S. Clark, History of Manufactures in the U.S. (1916) ; E. B. Hazard, Organiza tion of the Boot and Shoe Industry in Mass. before 1875 (1921) ; pamphlets and reports issued by the New England Council. Fisheries.— R. McFarland, A History of the New England Fisheries (i9ii).

Commerce, Communications, etc.—U.S. Census, Reports; Reports of the State Railway Commission: E. Stanwood, American Tariff Con troversies in the 19th Century (1904) ; F. W. Taussig, Tariff History of the U.S. (1914) ; E. R. Johnson, History of Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the U.S., (1915) ; S. E. Morison, The Maritime History of Massachusetts (1921). Population.—U.S. and Massachusetts State Census Reports; publications of the State bureaux of labour and health. Government.—F. W. Cook, The Massachusetts Voter (1928) G. H. Haynes, Representation and Suffrage in Massachusetts, 1620-1691, (1894) ; H. A. Cushing, History of the Transition from Provincial to Commonwealth Government (1896) ; R. H. Whitten, Public Ad ministration in Massachusetts (1898) ; A. E. McKinley, The Suffrage )Franchise in the 13 English Colonies in America (19o5) ; L. A. Froth ingham, Brief History of the Constitution and Government of Massa chusetts (1925) ; S. E. Morison, "The Struggle over the Adoption of the Constitution of Massachusetts, 1780," Mass. Hist. Soc., Proceed ings, (1917) ; Public Documents of Mass., annual. Finance.—National

Industrial Conference Board, Fiscal Problem in Massachusetts (1931) ; A. M. Davis, Currency and Banking in Massachusetts Bay (1900) ; C. J. Bullock, Historical Sketch of the Finances and Financial Policy of Mass. (7907) ; Reports of the Commissioners of Banking: Educa tion.—Annual Reports of the U.S. Commissioner of Education and of the Massachusetts Board of Education; J. Quincy, History of Harvard (1840) ; G. G. Bush, History of Higher Education in Mass. (1891) ; the publications (193o-1936) of S. E. Morison on Harvard's history.

History.—Lengthy and important bibliographies are to be found in Winsor's Memorial History of Boston (188o-81), and in his Nar rative and Critical History of the United States (1887-89), both now somewhat antiquated as to date but not in scholarship. J. T. Adams, History of New England (1927) (originally published separately with distinct titles) , contains footnote references to several thousand works on New England, largely Massachusetts. J. G. Palfrey, History of New England (1858-9o) is now out of date and belongs to the old "filio-pietistic" school. Other works are: Wm. Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation (var. edits.) ; J. Winthrop, History of New Eng land, (in journal form) ; S. E. Sewall, Diary (Mass. Hist. Soc.), gives an intimate picture of Boston life from 1674 to 1729; T. Hutchinson, History of Massachusetts (1764-1828), the publications of the Prince society, notably the Hutchinson Papers (1865), the Andros Tracts (1868-74), and the Randolph Papers (1898-1909) ; Young, Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers (1844) ; Young, Chronicles of Massachusetts (1846) ; C. W. Upham, Witchcraft in Salem; Henry Adams, Documents relating to New England Federalism (1877) ; R. P. Hallowell, The Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts (1887) ; W. B. Weeden, Economic and Social History of New England (189o) ; C. F. Adams, Three Episodes in Massachusetts History (1892) ; ibid., Massa chusetts: its Historians and its History (1893) ; W. Walker, Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism (1893) ; Ellis and Morris, King Philip's War (1906) ; F. H. Foster, A Genetic History of the New Eng land Theology (1907) ; L. K. Mathews, Expansion of New England (1909) ; A. E. Morse, The Federalist Party in Massachusetts (1909) W. A. Robinson, Jeffersonian Democracy in New England (1916) ; A. M. Schlesinger, The Colonial Merchants and the American Revolution (1918) ; R. G. Usher, The Pilgrims and their Story (1918) ; A. B. Dar ling, Political Changes in Mass. 1824-1848 (1925) ; Diary of Cotton Mather, and the Winthrop Papers, Mass. Hist. Soc. publications; the publications of the various learned societies are particularly important, notably the Proceedings and Collections of the Mass. Hist. Soc. ; the Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society ; the Publications of the Col. Soc. of Mass.; and the Register of the N. E. Gen. and Hist. Society. Many of the town histories are excellent. The biog raphies and collected writings of many of the State's Leaders are important. Two recent co-operative histories are J. H. Lockwood, ed., Western Massachusetts, 4v. (1926) and A. B. Hart, ed., Common wealth History of Massachusetts, 5v. (1927-30). (J. T. A.)