Missouri emerged from this reconstruction period with a heavy debt, State and local, incurred in loans to the railroads and in war expenditures. The prostration of the South and the rise of Chicago injured St. Louis, while the prevailing economic depression was especially hard on the rural population. However, railways were extended, valuable zinc and lead deposits were discovered in south-west Missouri, and after 188o the development of the South-western portion of the United States led to the rapid growth of Kansas City. Though hard hit in the panic of 1893, Missouri's economic and especially its industrial development since 1900 has been steady. Mis sourians were too interested in the reconstruction issues in the '7os to respond to the Granger movement, but the farmers' alli ances of the '8os had a very large membership. Bryan and free silver swept the State in 1896 and 190o. Roosevelt, who en dorsed many of the Populist ideals and appealed to the younger generation, carried Missouri in 1904, and Folk, the reform Demo cratic candidate, was elected governor. Since 1904 Missouri has been a doubtful State politically, voting Republican in all presi dential elections except 1912, 1916, 1932 and 1936, when the depression prompted voters to favor the New Deal.
FOr history: see W. B. Stevens, Centennial History of Missouri (1921) ; ' E. M. Violette, History of Missouri (1918) ; W. F. Switzler, History of Missouri (1879) ; Lucien Carr, Missouri (American Commonwealths Series, 1892) ; Louis Houck, A History of Missouri (1908) ; F. C. Shoemaker, Missouri's Struggle for Statehood, 1804-21 (1916) ; W. M. Meigs, Thomas Hart Benton (1914) ; H. A. Trexler, Slavery in Missouri (1914) ; T. L. Snead, The Fight for Missouri
(1886) ; W. Britton, The Civil War on the Border (1891-99, 3rd ed. of vol. i., rev. 1899) ; Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri, edit. by H. L. Conrad (i9oi) ; H. M. Chittenden, History of Early Steamboat Navigation on the Missouri River (19°3) ; T. J. Scharf, History of St. Louis City and County (5883) ; R. S. Douglass, History of Southeastern Missouri (1912) ; and W. Williams, ed., A History of Northwest Missouri (1915). See also the volumes of Missouri His torical Collections (188o et seq.) and of the Missouri Historical Review (Columbia, 1906 et seq.). On administration: the Official Manual of the State of Missouri; the reports of the various State officials, boards and departments ; E. Fair, Government and Politics in Missouri (1922) ; and Public Administration in Missouri (issued as a bulletin of the State Teachers college, Kirksville, Mo.) ; Political Science Series, No. (1923). For population, occupations, resources, etc., see the Fif teenth United States Census; the Biennial Census of Manufactures; the U.S. Census of Agriculture; and the Missouri Red Book, published annually by the State bureau of labour statistics. For physical features see E. B. Branson, "Geology of Missouri," Univ. of Mo. Bulletin, vol. xix., no. 15 (1918) ; M. F. Miller and H. H. Kruskopf, "The Soils of Missouri," Bulletin 135, Agricultural Experiment Station, Univ. of Mo. (1918) ; publications of the State bureau of geology and mines, including bulletins and reports of the Missouri Geological Survey (1853 et seq.) and publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, particu larly Bulletins 132, 213, 267 and the 22nd Annual Report, pt. ii.
(J. Vs.)