South Africa has a different problem. The Anglicans have in all their dioceses work among the African population. The Dutch Reformed Church is now one of the leading missionary churches.
(3) Continental.—The German Missions increased steadily until the World War. Of the Moravian Church we have already spoken. It has some two hundred and fifty missionaries work ing in Greenland, Labrador, Alaska, Central America, Tibet and among the Hottentots. The Basel Mission had extensive work on the Gold Coast of Africa, in the south-west of India, and in South China. The Berlin Missionary Society and the Rhenish Mission developed work in South Africa and China; the Her mannsburg Mission (Hanover) in South Africa and India; the Gossner Mission of Berlin among the aborigines of Chota Nagpur, India; and the Lutheran Leipzig Mission in South India. Other missions work in the South Seas. Two Missionary Societies work in the Dutch Colonies, an important Danish mission works in South India. The Swedes and Norwegians have increased their missionary activities in South Africa, Madagascar and India; the China Inland Mission has enlisted a number of Scandinavians.
(4) America.—One of the features of missionary work in the present century has been the growth of American missionary activity. At the present time American missions represent prob ably seventy per cent of the Protestant missionary work in the world. The large denominations have all vastly increased their work especially as the result of large appeals made immediately after the war. The Young Men's Christian Association, founded in England and now extending throughout the world, has reached its maximum influence in the United States and the Young Men's Christian Associations of India, China, Japan, South-eastern Asia and the Near East have all been greatly indebted to the foreign department of the American Y.M.C.A.
(5) Christian Missions to the Jews.—Missions to the Jews have been conducted by a few Societies. In 1926 two impor tant conferences were held in Budapest and Warsaw attended by representatives of all the Protestant organizations in the world engaged in missionary work among the Jews. These conferences revealed the immensely wide dispersion of Jewry, and the small number of missionaries of any kind ministering to the Jews. Plans were made for the increase of efficiency.
(6) General.—One of the most notable developments of Prot estant missionary work since 191o, the date of the World Mis sionary Conference held at Edinburgh, is the development of co-operation among Missionary Societies in Great Britain, Amer ica and on the Continent of Europe and on the part of the churches in the mission field. The Edinburgh Conference created
widespread attention. It resulted in the establishment of the International Missionary Council, consisting of representatives of all the national missionary organizations.
The enlarged meeting of the International Missionary Council, held at Easter 1928 at Jerusalem, typified in its discussions many of the leading tendencies in modern missionary work. Attention was given both to such fundamental matters as the Christian Mes sage, Christian Education, the growth of the Church and its relation to the missionary societies from the West, and also to such "secular" problems as race, industrialism, and rural devel opment. Between a third and a half of the members were natives of the Oriental and African countries, and the reports of this gathering are an indispensable source of information regarding modern missionary movements.
Recent Developments: Roman Catholic.—The Roman Catholic Church at the beginning of the nineteenth century seems to have been not less stagnant in regard to foreign missions than were the Protestant churches. The nineteenth century how ever witnessed a great change. The revival was due in no small degree to the foundation in 1822 by a few earnest Catholics at Lyons of a Society called the Institute for the Propagation of the Faith. The income of this society in 1925 had risen to ap proximately L325,000. This Institute does not send out mission aries but makes grants to the various missionary groups. Roman missionary work is carried on by religious orders and missionary societies under the supreme direction of the Pope and the super vision of the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide. The Congregation holds supreme control over all foreign missions in non-Christian countries and over some parts of the Church in Christian coun tries whose governments are not Catholic, e.g., the British Empire, America, Holland, Scandinavia, Greece and some parts of Ger many and Switzerland. The non-Christian world is carefully mapped out among the different orders. The government of the various mission fields is principally carried on by Vicars Apos tolic (i.e., titular bishops acting as vicars or delegates of the Apostolic See) or Prefects Apostolic (i.e., priests with similar powers, but without episcopal rank).