India.—The Archaeological Survey of Upper India was estab lished in 1862, with a director-general at its head, and surveys for other parts of India were also begun later. The chief object of these was the making of an inventory, and the preservation of the monuments was neglected. In 2878 a curator of ancient monuments was appointed. A period of activity with regard to monument preservation set in during the Viceroyalty of Lord Curzon (1899-1904) ; this culminated in the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act (1904). Besides establishing and placing on a permanent footing the seven "Archaeological Circles" into which British India is now divided this Act empowered the local gov ernment of any province to declare any monument to be a "pro tected monument within the meaning of the Act," and provided that when any monument was thus scheduled no one might injure, remove or alter it under penalty of a fine or imprison ment. Power of expropriation is accorded by the Land Acquisi tion Act in any case in which a monument is threatened with destruction or injury, or if an owner refuse to come to an agree ment with the authority for its guardianship. The Act includes movable antiquities, and the governor-general in Council can pro hibit their exportation; control over excavations is also given.
Monuments Consolidation and Amendment Act, ed. by Henry Jenner, F.S.A. (1913), and the publications of the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments. (S. H. H.; X.) United regard to the remains of prehistoric man, earthworks, barrows, etc., some of those States, such as Ohio, which are especially rich in such monuments, have particular laws protecting individual remains, e.g., the earthworks in War ren county. The State exercises control over other remains of interest, e.g., the Eagle earthworks in Licking county. There is also an archaeological and historical society, partly maintained by the State, with the object of the better preservation of the evidences of the prehistoric occupation. In North Dakota a State historical commission was created in 1895 "to collect and preserve the records and relics pertaining to the early history, settlement and development of North Dakota." The sites of the battlefields and statues, etc., erected in commemoration of the War of Inde pendence or the Civil War, are preserved by various methods— by State or municipal regulations, by the action of incorporated bodies or trustees, etc. Most of the States rely on statutory pro hibitions of malicious damage to protect their monuments. The Federal Government has set aside various natural features and his toric spots as national monuments. See NATIONAL PARKS AND MONUMENTS, THE.