1908 in the case of Poland, and Jan. 1, 1910, in the case of the King dom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Czechoslovakia) do not acquire the nationality of these States without an authorisation from the latter.
its Advisory Opinion, Number 7, of Sept. 15, 1923, the Perma nent Court of International Justice interpreted this provision, with regard to the Polish Treaty, as referring only to the habitual residence of the parents at the date of birth of the persons concerned.
ments, with the right to use their own language, and to exercise their religion freely therein.
The Use of the Minority Language.—These rights as de fined in the treaties take the form of three obligations accepted by the States concerned, namely : (a) The obligation to impose no restriction on the free use by any national of any language in private intercourse, in commerce, in reli gion, in the press or in publications of any kind, or at public meetings.
(b) The obligation to grant nationals speaking a language other than the official language adequate facilities for the use of their lan guage, either orally or in writing before the courts.
(c) The obligation to grant adequate facilities in towns and districts where there is a considerable proportion of nationals speaking a lan guage other than the official language of the State, to ensure that in the primary schools' the instruction shall be given to the children of such nationals through the medium of their own language.
This provision does not, however, prevent the Government from making the teaching of the official language obligatory in these schools.
(b) Lithuania and Poland.—The Lithuanian Declaration (article 7) and the Polish Treaty (article 1o) provide for the constitution of educational committees appointed by the Jewish communities with a view to providing under the general control of the State for the distribution of the proportional share of public funds allocated to Jewish schools and for the organization and management of these schools. Respect for the Sabbath is also stipulated. It is also laid down that no election shall be held on a Saturday. This provision, however, does not exempt Jews
from such obligations as shall be imposed upon all other nationals for the necessary purposes of military service, national defence or the preservation of public order. (Article 8 of the Lithuanian Declaration and article II of the Polish Treaty.) (c) Rumania recognizes as Rumanian nationals ipso facto and without the requirement of any formality Jews inhabiting any Rumanian territory, who do not possess another nationality (article 7 of the Rumanian Minorities Treaty).
Valachs of Pindus.—Greece has agreed to accord to the communities of the Valachs of Pindus local autonomy under the control of the Greek State, in regard to religious, charitable or scholastic matters. (Article 12 of the Greek Minorities Treaty.) Mount Athos.—Greece has agreed (article 13 of the Greek Minorities Treaty) to recognize and maintain the traditional rights and liberties enjoyed by the non-Greek monastic com munities of Mt. Athos under article 62 of the Treaty of Berlin, which reads: "The monks of Mount Athos, of whatever country they may be natives, shall be maintained in their former pos sessions and advantages, and shall enjoy, without any exception, complete equality of rights and prerogatives." Muslims in Albania, Greece and the Serb-Croat-Slo vene Kingdom.—The Greek Treaty (article 14), the Treaty with the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (article o) and the Albanian Declaration (articles 2 and 3) lay down that all necessary measures shall be taken to enable questions of family law and personal status to be regulated in accordance with 'It should be observed that in the Czechoslovak Treaty there is no mention of "primary schools," the word employed being "instruction" in general without any limitation.
Muslim usage. At the same time these treaties guarantee the protection of mosques, cemeteries and other religious establish ments.
Czech and Saxon Communities in Transylvania.— Rumania has agreed to grant these communities local autonomy in religious and scholastic matters, subject to the control of the Rumanian State (article i i of the Rumanian Minorities Treaty).
Ruthene Territory South of the Carpathians.—Czecho slovakia has agreed to constitute this territory as an autonomous unit within the Czechoslovak State, and to accord to it the fullest degree of self-government compatible with the unity of that State. The regime is, according to the provisions of the treaty, to include a special diet having powers of legislation in all linguistic, scholastic and religious questions, in matters of local administration, and in other questions which the laws of the Czechoslovak State may assign to it. The governor of this terri tory must be appointed by the president of the republic and its officials must be chosen as far as possible from the inhabitants of the territory (articles io to 13 of the Czechoslovak Minorities Treaty).