Of northern towns Lismore (q.v., 11,763 in 1933), Grafton (6,412 ), Casino (5,293) are important centres, while in the south Nowra, Wollongong, Kiama are local exporting centres and health resorts. Production (1925-26) : butter 94,334,000 lb. ; wool, 7,075,000 lb.; minerals £8,051,000; manufactures, £57,625,000.
Statistical Summary. Area—excluding Federal Capital Ter ritory; including 176 sq.m. of harbours-309,432 sq.m., 10.40% of total area of Australia.
Population (June, : 2,601,104; 8.4 per sq.m.; c. 48% of Commonwealth; rate of increase (1926), natural 1.34%, natural+immigration 2.14%; metropolitan 45•6%; 99% of area contained (1926) only 655,300 inhabitants.
Occupations (Census 1921: total population 2,101,968; main classes only); Breadwinners: 42.29%; Primary Producers: 9.98% (agricultural, 4.52%; pastoral and dairying, 3.14% ; mining, 1.57%). Industrial, 13.62%. Commercial and Transport, 16.68%. Production (1925-26) : Tc,tal, L160,615,000. Primary Indus tries: L95,777,000 (pastoral, £42,369,000 ; agricultural, £20, 741,000 ; dairying—including pigs, bees, poultry—L14,712,000; mining, c. L12,000,000; forests, fisheries, etc., L5,609,000). Manu facturing Industries: £6038,000. Production per head of popu lation: Primary: £41.13.8 (pastoral, c. Li8; agricultural, i9; dairying, £6.8; mining, L5.7.6). Manufacturing: £28.4.4. Total: L68.18.0.
Pastoral Industry (1926) : Sheep, 54,630,000 (highest since 1891, 61,831,000) including 45,560,00o merino; Wool, 820,000 lb. =f35377,000 (at Sydney) ; average weight of clip, 8.1-8-8 lb. Cattle: 2,93 7,000 (including 632,000 dairy cattle). Horses: 651,000. Milk: 290,000,000 gal. Butter: 107,000,00o lb. Cheese c. 6,500,000 lb.
Agriculture: Area under cultivation (1926) : c. ii,ioo,000 ac. (crops alone, 4,550,00o ac.) Wheat, 3-3.5 mill. ac.; 28.6-66.7 mill. bu.; £6.7–L16.7 mill.=31-58% of total agric. produce. Hay, 750,000-1.1 mill. ac.; 866,00o-1.6 mill. tons; £5.5–L8.9 mill. =23-41%. Maize, 120,000-166,00o ac.; 3.28-4.6 mill. bu.; £63o,000-894,000 = Mining: Total value of all minerals produced to end of 1926 =C. £400,000,000. Total output (1926), £12,000,000; (silver lead, £4,400,000; zinc, £1,360,000) ; coal, c. £9,500,000 (northern fields, c. i6,800poo; southern and western, etc, c. Li,600,000). Manufacturing Industries (1911 and 1925-26) : Factories: 0910 5,000; (1925-26) 8,200. Employees: 66,000 and 174,000 ( =3.7% increase, cf. 2.0% increase of population as a whole). Raw materials and fuel: L15,600,000 and £105,125,000. Value of output : L25,700,000 and £170,000,000. Employees: Metallurgical
and machinery, 45,000 ; clothing and textiles, 35,00o; food, drink, etc., 21,000.
Communications—Railways: Total mileage open 1926 (includ ing Federal and private lines), 6,218 miles (4 ft. 81 in. gauge, 5,710) = I m. railway per 374 inhabitants or per so sq. miles. Av. ann. increase of mileage, 155.38 miles. Total capital ex pended (1926), £105,238,000. Net earnings: L4,419,000=4.30% interest on capital invested.
Trade: Total (1921-1926), £91-127 mill. (Imports £43–L72 mill. ; Exports £42.5-6o.5 mill.) Per head of population : £43–f 6o (Imports: £2o-34; exports: £19.10–£27).
Exports: Wool: £21–£25 Mill. = 45-50% of total exports.
Wheat and Flour: £5.8–L7.85 = I I–I 7%. Meat, hides, leather, etc.: £5.5–L6.7 mill. = 12-13%. Butter: c. £2 Mill. = 3-4%. Coal: £1.4 mill. (falling) =3-1.7%. Other Minerals: c. £3 mill. = 5 6.5%. Total pastoral products L36,5oo,000= 58.1% of total over seas exports.
Shipping (all classes) : c. 3,00o vessels; 9 mill. registered ton nage, discharging 3.5-4 mill. tons and shipping 5-5.6 mill. tons cargo.
Social Conditions: Hospitals: private: 62o (beds: 4,940) ; pub lic, 159 (9,229). Total (Government) expenditure on charitable relief (1925-26) : L5,825,000 = £2.10.9 per head of population. (Maternity allowances: State wards [children] : £500,000; Hospitals, asylums, etc.: £820,000; pensions: £3.5 mill.). State advances for building homes (1926) : L1,620,000. Parks, recreation grounds, etc.: 240,000 ac.
Education: Schools (1925): -public, 3,162; private, 696. Pupils: public, 336,800; private, 82,200=92% of those requiring instruc tion. (0. H. T. R.) Early History.—New South Wales was discovered by Captain Cook on April 20, 1770 (see AUSTRALIA). On Jan. 20, 1788, the "Sirius," commanded by Captain Arthur Phillip, R.N., reached Botany Bay with an armed trader, three store-ships and six transports. The persons on board the fleet included 4o women, 202 marines of various ranks under Major Ross, five doctors, a few mechanics, and 756 convicts. The . live stock consisted of one bull and four cows, a stallion and three mares, some sheep, goats, pigs and a large number of fowls. The expedition was well provided with seeds of all descriptions. As Botany Bay was found unsuitable, the settlement was transferred to Port Jackson, near the present site of Sydney. Later on, other convict-ships arrived; and, in 1793, came the first free settlers, who were presented with grants of land. By i800 the population was 5,000.