Population and population of Nurnberg was, in 1933, 410,175, more than two-thirds of whom are Prot estant. The city is a garrison town. The manufactures are toys and fancy articles in metal, carved wood and ivory, which are collectively known as Niirnberg wares. It is also famous for pencils, needles, electric apparatus, chromolithography and mo tors. Nurnberg is the chief market in Europe for hops. It is an important junction for railways and is served by the Ludwig canal, connecting the Danube and the Main.
sections of the ancient walls and moat still remain; of the 365 bastions which formerly strength ened the walls, nearly 1 oo are still in situ, and a few of the old gateways have also been preserved. Most of the streets are narrow and crooked, and the majority of the houses have their gables turned towards the street. The general type of architec ture is Gothic, but the rich details, which are lavished with espe cial freedom in the interior courts, are usually borrowed from the Renaissance. Most of the private dwellings date from the 16th century, and there are practically none of earlier date than the 15th century. The roofs are of red tile.
The old castle (Kaiserschloss), is placed on a rock on the north side of the town. This dates most probably from the early part of the rith century, but it received its present form mainly during the reign of the emperor Frederick I. about 15o years later. It was restored in 1854-56. In the Heidenturm are two late Roman esque chapels, one above the other. Other parts of the castle are the pentagonal tower, the oldest building in the town, wherein are preserved the famous "iron virgin of Nurnberg," and other in struments of torture; the granary (Kornhaus), also called the Kaiserstallung; and the Vestnertor or Vestnerturm. The castle of NUrnberg was a favourite residence of the German sovereigns, in the later middle ages, and the imperial regalia were kept here from 1424 to 1796. Near it are the remains of the burg of the Hohenzollerns, the principal existing part of which is the chapel of St. Walpurgis, which was destroyed with the rest of the build ing in 1420, but was restored in 1892. Not far from these ruins stands the Luginsland, a stronghold with four corner turrets, said to have been built by the burghers in 1367 as a watch-tower against the burg of the Hohenzollerns.
NUrnberg contains several churches, the finest of which are those of St. Lorenz, of St. Sebald and of Our Lady. All three are Gothic edifices and are notable for their elaborately carved doorways, in which free play has been given to the exuberant fancy of the Gothic style. The church of St. Lorenz, the larg est of the three, was built in the i3th and 14th centuries and has recently been restored. In it is the masterpiece of the sculptor, Adam Krafft, consisting of a ciborium, or receptacle for the host, in the form of a florid Gothic spire 65 ft. high; the carving of this work is exquisitely minute and delicate. The shrine of St. Sebald, consisting of a bronze sarcophagus and canopy, in the richest Gothic style, adorned with numerous statues and reliefs, is looked upon as one of the greatest achievements of German art. It was executed by Peter Vischer, the celebrated artist, in bronze, who was occupied on the work for 13 years (1506 19). The church of Our Lady possesses some fine old stained glass windows and some paintings by Michael Wohlgemuth. The Tuchersche altar, with its winged picture, is one of the finest works of the NUrnberg school about the middle of the 15th century. Other noteworthy churches are those of St. Jacob, founded about 1200 and restored in 1824; and of St. Aegidius The town hall (Rathaus), erected in the Italian style in 1616 19, contains frescoes by Diirer, and a curious stucco relief of a tournament held at Nurnberg in 1446. The building incorporated an older .one of the 14th century, of which the great hall, with its timber roof, is part. The most interesting secular buildings are the houses of the old patrician families. A special interest attaches to the dwellings of Albert DUrer and Hans Sachs, the cobbler-poet. The streets are embellished with several fountains, the most noteworthy of which are the SchOne Brunnen, 1385-96, in the form of a large Gothic pyramid, adorned with statues, and the Gansemannchen or goose-mannikin.
The Germanic national museum, established in an old Carthu sian monastery includes masterpieces by Holbein, Duren Wohlge muth and others. The municipal library contains many thousands of manuscripts and books, some of which are of great rarity.