Iii Transportation and Communication

Higher Educational Facilities.

The city provides such fa cilities in the College of the City of New York (co-educational), and Hunter college (women). The College of the City of New York, or City college, was established as the Free academy in 1847. The name was changed to the present one in 1866. The col lege occupies buildings of English Gothic style, constructed at a cost of over $5,000,000. Its enrolment in 1936 was in excess of 22,000 while its teaching staff was 961. Hunter college for women, originally intended as a teacher training school was estab lished by the board of education in 1869 as the "Normal and High School." Free to women residents of the city, its enrolment in 1936 numbered 15,017, its staff 549. In addition, New York is the seat of Columbia university (q.v.), and New York univer sity, which was founded in 1831. In 1835, it moved to Washing ton square, and in 1891 added a site of about 48 ac. on University heights in the Bronx. It enrols over 31,000 students. Fordham university (7,000 men students) was founded in 1841 as St. John's college. In 1846 it was turned over to the Jesuits and incorporated as Fordham university. It is situated in the Bronx. Long Island university in Brooklyn had in 1936 an enrolment of 1,042 students, chiefly in the schools of law and medicine. The year 1928 witnessed the opening of Yeshiva college (Jewish) which occupies new buildings of Ancient Semitic architecture situated in upper Manhattan. In 1936 it had just 213 students. Among the more important of the professional schools are: the General Theological seminary (Protestant Episcopal) ; Union Theological seminary (Presbyterian) ; Jewish Theological Sem inary of America ; Cornell university medical college ; College of Physicians and Surgeons in the City of New York (Columbia uni versity) ; University and Bellevue hospital medical college (New York university) ; New York Post Graduate Medical school and hospital; Homeopathic Medical college; Long Island university medical college in Brooklyn; Columbia university law school (Columbia university) ; Fordham university law school ; New York law school ; New York university law school ; Brooklyn law school of St. Lawrence university; Brooklyn college of pharmacy; College of pharmacy of Columbia university; Fordham university college of pharmacy; School of Dental and Oral Surgery of Co lumbia university; Teachers' college of Columbia university; New York school of social work; the National Institute of Public Administration ; and the New School of Social Research. The chief technical institutions are the Mechanics Institute school, founded in 1820; Cooper Union (q.v.) ; the Peoples institute for the promotion of adult education ; and Pratt and Polytechnic in stitutes, both in Brooklyn. The New York State Nautical school is conducted on board the U.S.S. "Newport." Libraries.—The first public library in New York was the Corporation library, established at the City Hall (1697-1701). Up to 1795 it remained at the City Hall and was the Library of Congress when New York was the nation's capital. It is now called the Society library. Other older libraries are : the Colum bia university library (1754), that of the American Historical Society (1804), and the Mercantile library, founded in 1820 by merchants' clerks. The municipal library system consists of the New York public library, serving Manhattan, the Bronx and Richmond; the Brooklyn public library and the Queens public library. (For the numerous and important special libraries in New York see American Library Directory, 1927.) Art.—Most of the principal American sculptors have at some time resided in New York and it is here, frequently in incon spicuous places, that one finds their masterpieces. St. Gaudens is represented by his "Peter Cooper," the equestrian statue of Sherman, the Admiral Farragut statue, the bronze relief of the Rev. Henry W. Bellows and other works; John Quincy Adams Ward, by the "Pilgrim," "Shakespeare," "Indian Hunter," and a monumental bronze Washington; Frederick W. MacMonnies by his "Nathan Hale," "Civic Virtue," "Horse Trainers and a Quadriga"; Daniel Chester French by the "Alma Mater"; and George Gray Barnard by a fountain at Columbia; Karl Bitter by an "Abundance" and an equestrian statue of Franz Sigel; Anna Hyatt by a "Jeanne D'Arc"; Kirke Brown by an equestrian Washington; F. Auguste Bartholdi, the French artist, by a "Lafayette"; H. P. Proctor by a bronze group of panthers; and Edward Kemeys by a "Still Hunt." On the front of the Public library is Paul Bartlett's statue. A group by Albert Weinter de picting the purchase of Manhattan island is in the City Hall of Records. The "Statue of Liberty" of Bartholdi, gift of France for the rooth anniversary of American independence, rises from Bed loe's Island 30o ft. above the harbour. See LIBERTY, STATUE OF. Central and Prospect parks are adorned with many examples of fine statuary, and unfortunately, also, with many which are lacking in merit. Many sculptors are represented in the busts of great Americans in the Hall of Fame at New York University. A few striking examples of 18th and early 19th century archi tecture still remain, notably St. Paul's chapel, designed by Mac Bean and built in 1764, the old church of St. Mark's-in-The Bouwerie, completed in 1799, and City Hall, the work of Mangen and Macomb, completed in 1811. Renwick designed the Gothic Grace church, completed in 1845, and St. Patrick's cathedral, which was built between 1858 and 1879. After the Civil War Richard M. Hunt, a graduate and teacher in the Paris School of Fine Arts, began his American career. Among his first works were the recently demolished French chateau of William K. Vander bilt, the Astor and Gerry houses and the Tribune building. George B. Post designed many beautiful residences, the Times and World buildings and the Produce and Cotton exchanges. Charles F. McKim, William R. Mead, and Stanford White were designers of the old Madison Square Garden, the Washington arch and the Metropolitan club. R. H. Robertson is known for his work on the American Tract Society and United Charities buildings and the Corn exchange bank. Carrere and Hastings

planned the National Academy of Design and the New York pub lic library; H. I. Hardenburg the Waldorf, Savoy and Manhattan hotels, and the American Fine Arts building; and Ernest Flagg the Singer building, St. Luke's hospital and the Scribner build ing. The chief collection of art objects in America is in the Metro politan Museum of Art.

The art commission of the City of New York was established in 1898, being the first American municipal organization designed to protect a city against inferior structures and memorials. It passes judgment upon designs for buildings, bridges, statuary, gates, etc., and upon all alterations in existing works of art.

Music.

In the first quarter of the 19th century, the Park theatre became a famous stage for dramatic and musical art. In the '4os and '5os the musical centre was Tripler hall on lower Broadway, which became Metropolitan hall in 1854 and then, following its destruction by fire shortly after, was rebuilt and rechristened the New York theatre and Metropolitan opera house. Later its name was changed to the Winter Garden. The present Metropolitan opera house was built in 1883. In the latter half of the 19th century several other large halls for musical re citals were opened, notably, Steinway, Chickering, Hardman and Carnegie halls, the last named being the largest auditorium avail able in this period. It was in the middle and latter part of the 19th century, however, that the musical history of New York really began (see Music: United States).

Literature.

Cadwallader Colden, author of the History of the Five Nations (173o) was perhaps the first New York author of general reputation. The first authors' club, the Ancient club of New York, was founded in the latter part of the 18th century and later included among its members Washington Irving, Fitz Greene Halleck, James Kirk Paulding and Joseph Rodman Drake. A little later John James Audubon, Richard Henry Dana, James Fenimore Cooper, Edgar Allan Poe, William Cullen Bryant, John Bigelow, Julia Ward Howe and Robert Bonner were members of New York's literary life. In the 19th century the Bread and Cheese club brought together a most creditable group of writers. As the country expanded, however, the influence of New York upon letters declined somewhat although it is the centre of Ameri can printing and publishing. The chief society of authors having headquarters in New York is the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Other notable literary organizations are the Society of Arts and Letters, Authors' Guild, Catholic Writers' Guild of America, New York Drama League, American Dramatists, Gro lier Club, Century Association and League of American Pen women.

Scientific Collections and Learned Societies.

Chief of the scientific collections is that of the famed American Museum of Natural History. The Aquarium at Battery park and the Zoolog ical park in Bronx park are both under the control of the New York Zoological Society (see AQUARIUM : United States).

The Botanical garden in Bronx park occupies about 400 ac. The museum contains a library, collections with about 1,800,000 speci mens and research laboratories ; its income from an endowment of nearly $2,500,000 (in 1936) is supplemented by public funds. The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Science maintains another large botanical garden. (For the Museum of the American Indian [Heye Foundation] see MUSEUMS.) The Hispanic Society of America, founded by Archer M. Hun tington, maintains an excellent museum of Spanish and Portu guese paintings, manuscripts, maps, coins and antiquities. Other interesting collections are in the Museum of the American Numis matic Society, containing exhibits of medals and coins of all countries and of all periods, and the American museum of Safety (industrial safety appliances).

The New York Historical Society, founded in 1804, is the most important for material on New York State History. The Long Island Historical Society of Brooklyn and the New York Geneo logical and Biographical Association, founded in 1869, are notable in this field. The Quadrangle at Broadway and 156th street is the location of the American Numismatic Society, the Geographi cal Society of New York, the Museum of the American Indian and Hispanic Society of America. The New York Academy of Medicine, established in 1847, and the Academy of Political Science at Columbia University, founded in 1880, also deserve mention. (See SOCIETIES, LEARNED.) (For New York city press data see PUBLISHING; PRESS; NEWS PAPERS. For foundations SC6 CARNEGIE TRUSTS ; ROCKEFELLER BENEFACTIONS, etc.) Theatres, Arenas and Exhibitions.—The first dramatic performances in New York were probably those given in a build ing in Pearl street by a company of actors from London in 1732. Another company from London came to New York in a 749. The real beginning of the permanent theatre in New York was, how ever, in 1750, when a company under the management of Kean and Murray came from Philadelphia and established themselves in a house on Kip street (now Nassau), between John street and Maiden Lane. Lewis Hallam arrived in 1753 from Virginia and erected a theatre in Nassau street, the first building constructed for theatre purposes, and opened it in 1753 with The Conscious Lovers and Damon and Plielleda. The first performance of Romeo and Juliet was given at this theatre in 1754 with Mrs. Hallam as Juliet. This theatre was abandoned the same year and was converted into a church by a society of Calvinists. The next theatre was at Crugers wharf on the East river and was opened by David Douglass in 1758 with Jane Shore. Douglass also opened another theatre at the corner of Nassau and what is now Beekman street in 1761 with The Fair Penitent and later gave the first performance of Hamlet in New York; he also established the John Street theatre, in 1767. This theatre flourished until the Revolution and during the British occupancy of the city was used for amateur theatricals. After the British evacuation, Washington and his generals were frequent patrons of this theatre.