The coinage of Sicily, afterwards that of the Two Sicilies, or Naples and Sicily, begins with the Normans. Theirs is a curiously mixed series. It begins with Robert Guiscard as duke of Apulia (1075) and Roger I. of Sicily (1o72). The gold money is almost wholly Arabic though Roger II. struck the Latin ducat, the earliest of its class; the silver is Arabic, except the great Latin scyphati of Roger II. with Roger III.; the copper is Latin (Pl. V.-4) and Arabic. The gold series (Augustales) of the emperor Frederick II.
(1198-125o) shows the first sentiment of reviving classical art, its work far in advance of the age. These are Latin coins; he also struck small Arabic pieces in gold. Under Conrad and Manfred there is little coinage, copper only, but with Charles I. (Pl. V.-9) of Anjou (1266-85) the gold money in purely mediaeval style is beautiful, quite equal to that of his brother, St. Louis of France.
After this time there is a great issue of gigliati, silver coins with, for reverse, a cross fleurdelisee cantoned with fleur-de-lis (P1. V.-7).
In the Frankish period mints were in operation at cities in the west, such as Mainz, Strassburg, Speyer, Treves, Worms, Cologne.
Pepin issued denarii from Strassburg and Mainz; under his suc cessors denarii and obols were also coined at other mints, as Bonn, Cologne, Spires, Treves. After the reign of Louis the Child (910 11) the Carolingian system was continued until the advent of the Swabians with Conrad III. (1138-52). In the succeeding period which ends with the introduction of the grossus and the gold coinage under Louis of Bavaria (1314-47), the uniformity of the currency disappears. In the west (in Lotharingia, includ ing the southern Low Countries, the Moselle and Rhine-lands, in Frisia, Bavaria, parts of Franconia and Swabia) the denier con tinues; but elsewhere we find the bracteate. The right of coinage is acquired in an increasing measure by the feudatories of the empire. With the introduction of the regular gold coinage (consisting for the most part of florins) and the grossus in the 14th century, Germany enters on the modem period. From the 16th century the thaler (so called from Joachimsthal in Bohemia, where the counts of Schlick first struck the Coin in 1518) domi nates the silver currency. The thalers and other large coins of the i6th and 57th centuries are often good and always vigorous in workmanship. By the convention of 1857 the thaler was rec ognized as the unit for Berlin and the north, the florin of ioo kreuzers for Austria, the florin of 6o kr. for the south. A uniform system, based on the gold reichsmark of ioo pfennigs, was estab lished all over the German empire in 1876. Of particular cur rencies in Germany we must be content with the mention of some of the more important. Among the great rulers we note the dukes of Bavaria, who coined from Henry I. (948-55), and issued
fine thalers in the 16th century. The Counts Palatine of the Rhine coined from 1294, their mints being at Heidelberg, Frankfort, etc. The Saxon coinage begins with Duke Bernard (973) and includes a large series of bracteates and thalers, the latter being especially famous. The Brunswick coinage begins in the 11th century; besides its bracteates we note the large mining-thalers of the i6th and 17th centuries (up to ten thaler-pieces). There are good bracteates and thalers of the margraves of Brandenburg; from 1701 they coin as kings of Prussia. In Austria there is a ducal coinage from the 12th century; the gold florin of Florentine char acter appears under Albert II. (133o-1358). The marriage-coin of Maximilian and Maria of Burgundy (a i6th-century reproduc tion of a medal made by the Italian, Candida in 1479) is a striking piece, and in the i6th century there is a large series of fine thalers. The thalers of Maria Theresa became popular on either side of the Red Sea, and those of the date 1780 are still recoined for trade there. In Bohemia there is a ducal coinage from the early loth century to 1192; then came the regal bracteates. Wenceslas II. (1278-1305) struck the first German grossus at Prague. The gold florin made its appearance under John of Luxemburg (1310-47). In Hungary the regal coinage begins with St. Stephen (moo). Charles I. of Anjou (1310-42) introduced the florin and grossus. Of historical interest is the money of John Hunyadi as regent (1441-52). The abundance of gold about this time and later shows the metallic wealth of the land. The same is true of the rich gold coinage of the Transylvanian princes in the 16th and 17th centuries. Of ecclesiastical coinages the most important are at Mihister, Cologne, Mainz, Treves, Augsburg, Magdeburg, Spires, Wilrzburg, Salzburg. The Cologne series of coins is almost continuous from the Frankish period; the archbishops first re ceived the right from Otto I., Brune (953-65) being the first to coin; from Pilgrim (1021-36) the series, issued at various mints in the Rhineland, is very complete down to 1802. The series of Treves ranges from Theodoric I. (965-75) to Clement Wenceslas (1794)• The archiepiscopal coinage of Mainz begins with Willigis (975) and lasts until 1802; its mints included Erfurt, Bingen and many other places. The Salzburg series (beginning 996) is re markable for its fine thalers (especially of Mathias Lang, 1519– 1540). The patriarchs of Aquileia, who may be mentioned here, acquired the right of coinage from Louis II. in the 9th century, but the first who can he identified on the coins is Godfrey thence onwards there is an interesting series of denarii and smaller coins down to the early 15th century. Of cities with large coinages it is sufficient to mention Aix-la-Chapelle (from the time of Fred erick I. to 1795), Frankfort-on-the-Main, Hamburg (with great gold pieces of the i6th and 17th centuries, up to '0 ducats) and Nuremburg.