NATIONAL ANTHEMS. In Europe the chief national anthems are : The United Kingdom, "God Save the King" (see below) ; France, "The Marseillaise" (q.v.) by Rouget de Lisle; Germany, formerly "Heil dir im Siegeskranz," words by Balthazar Gerhard Schumacher, music of "God Save the King"; but since the Revolution, "Lied der Deutschen," (Deutschland, Deutsch land, Deutschland fiber Alles, fiber Alles in der Welt) ; Switzer land, "Ruft du, mein Vaterland," music "God Save the King"; Italy,"The Royal March" by G. Gabbetti ; Austria, formerly "Gott erhalte unsern Kaiser," words by L. L. Haschke, music by Haydn, since the World War "Oesterreichische Bundeshymne," words by Karl Renner, music by Wilhelm Kienzl ; Hungary, "Isten ald meg a Magyart"; Belgium, "La Brabanconne," by F. Campenhout ; Holland, "Wien Nierlansch"; Denmark, "Kong Kristian stod ved hojen mast," words by Ewald, music by Hartman ; "Der er et yndigt Land" has also been used at times on solemn occasions; Sweden, "Ur Svenska hjertans" ; Russia, formerly "Bozhe Tsarya chrani," words by V. Joukovsky, music by A. F. Lvov; since the Revolution, the "Internationale," words by E. Pottier; Rumania, "Traeasca Regale," words by V. Alexandri, music by E. A. Hilbsch ; Spain, "Himno de Riego," music by Herta; Nor way, "Ja Vi Elsker Dette Landet" (Yes, We Love This Country) ; Czechoslovakia, "Kde Domov Muj" (Where Is My Native Land?) , which is the Czech anthem ; the Slovak population sings "Nad Tatrou Se Blyska" (Lightning above the Mountains) ; Bulgaria, "Shoumi Maritza" (The Bubbling Maritza) ; Greece, "Ethnicos Ymnos" (The People's Hymn, which has been beautifully trans lated into English by Rudyard Kipling) ; Serbia, "Srpska Himna," (The Serbian Hymn) ; Turkey, "Istiklal Marsi" (The March of Independence). In China, "The Song of the Kuomintang"; Japan, "Kimigayo" (In the Reign of our Emperor), the tune of which Sullivan adapted in the prelude to The Mikado; Canada, "The Maple Leaf Forever." In the United States, "The Star Spangled Banner" (5854; words by F. S. Key, music by J. S. Smith), "Hail Columbia" (1798; words by Hopkinson, music, Fyles) and "My Country, 'Tis of Thee" (1832; words by S. F. Smith, tune, "God
Save the King") were sung as national songs. In 1931 Congress made "The Star Spangled Banner" the national anthem.
One of the best known of national anthems is the English "God Save the King," which is said to have been first sung as his own composition by Henry Carey in 1740; a version was assigned by W. Chappell (Popular Music) to the Harmonia Anglican of 1742 or 1743, but no copy exists and this is now doubted. Words and music were printed in the Gentleman's Magazine for October 1745. There has been much controversy as to the authorship, which is complicated by the fact that earlier forms of the air and the words are recorded. Such are an "Ayre" of 1619, attributed to John Bull, who has long been credited with the origin of the anthem; the Scottish carol, "Remember, 0 thou man," in Ravens croft's Melismata, 1611; the ballad "Franklin is fled away" (printed 2669; and a piece in Purcell's Choice Collection for the Harpsichord (1696). The words or part of them are also found in various forms from the 16th century.
The question was discussed in Richard Clarke's Account of the National Anthem (1822), and was reinvestigated by W. H. Cum mings in his God save the King (1902). Carey and Bull, in the general opinion of musical historians, divide the credit; but in his Minstrelsy of England (190I) Frank Kidson introduced a new claimant, James Oswald, a Scotsman who settled in London in 1742, and worked for John Simpson, the publisher of the early copies of "God Save the King," and who became chamber com poser to George III. What appears to be certain is that 1745 is the earliest date assignable to the substantial national anthem as we know it, and that both words and music had been evolved out of earlier forms. Bull's is the earliest form of the air; Carey's claim to the remodelling of the anthem rests on an unauthoritative tradi tion; and, on general probabilities, Oswald is a strong candidate. The tune was adopted by Germany and by Denmark before the end of the 18th century.