France.—Lion Guerin, Histoire maritime de la France (1844). The Histoire de la marine francaise of Le Comte de Bonfils Lablenie (1845), a naval officer, is of value. La Marine de guerre, ses institutions mili taires depuis son origine jusqu'a nos fours, by Capne Gougeard (1877) ; (the Essai sur Phistoire de l'administration de la marine francaise of Lambert de Sainte Croix (1892) ; and the excellent little book of M. Loir on La Marine rovale, 1789 (n.d.), may be consulted with pleasure and profit. The three books of A. Jal, Archeologie navale (1840), Glossaire nautique (1848) and Abraham du Quesne et la marine de son temps (1872) are all of high value. Les Batailles navales de la France of 0. Troude (1867), is a carefully written account of naval actions.
The Histoire de la marine francaise, pendant la guerre de rindepen dence americaine (1877) ; Sous la premiere republique (1886) ; Sous le consulat et l'empire (1886) ; De 1815 a 1870 (1900) ; and La Marine francaise et la marine allemande, 1870-1871 (1873) of E. Chevalier, are thorough and critical. G. Lacour-Gayet, Professor at L'Ecole superieure de la Marine, has published two books of serious research, La Marine militaire de la France sous le regne de Louis XV. (1902), and La Marine militaire de la France sous le regne de Louis XVI. (1905). The Recherches sur l'ancien dos des galees de Rouen (1864) of
C. de Robillard de Beaurepaire, and the life of Jean de Vienne by the Marquis Terrier de Loray (1878) , are valuable monographs on pas sages of early French naval history. The Projets et tentatives de debarquement aux lies britanniques by E. Desbriere (1900 seq.) is a most valuable authority. A very scholarly Histoire de la marine fran caise was begun in 1899 by M. C. de la Ronciere.
Miscellaneous:–The standard authorities for Spanish naval history are, La Marina de Castilla (1892) , and La Armada Espanola desde la union de Castilla y Aragon (1895-1901), of C. Fernandez Duro. J. C.
de Jonghe, Geschienes van het Nederlandsche Zeewezen (1858), is an admirable and exhaustive history of the Dutch navy. The History of the Maritime Wars of the Turks, by Haji Khalfa (or Hugji Chalifa), tr. J. Mitchell for the Oriental Translation Fund (1831), may be read with curiosity and some profit. There are two general histories of the navy of the United States by Fenimore Cooper (1839), and by E. S. Maclay (2894) ; the second is the fuller, and the more critical. The monographs by Admiral Jurien de la Graviere, covering the whole field of naval warfare from the Peloponnesian War to his own time, contain much information and sound criticism.