New Brunswick

The game laws are being made increasingly strict, and the province draws a large revenue from the sale of licences.

Mines and Fisheries.

The mineral wealth of the province is small, though gold, iron, copper, lead, zinc and plumbago have been worked on a small scale at various times. Coal and gypsum are actively mined. Natural gas with oil is obtained near Monc ton.

The fisheries, on the other hand, are extensive, though less so than those of Nova Scotia. This industry centres in the counties of Charlotte and Gloucester, herring, salmon, lobsters, sardines and cod forming the chief catch. The Restigouche, and other rivers near the northern border, are much frequented by anglers in search of trout and salmon. A large number of persons are employed (2,401 in 1925) in the fish canneries and freezing establishments.

Manufactures.

The chief manufactures, apart from the ship ping of St. John, are connected with lumbering and with agricul ture. The making of paper pulp and of furniture is important. Co-operation in the manufacture of butter and cheese has pro duced excellent results, and numerous cheese and butter factories are scattered through the province.

Communications.

The railway system links the province to Nova Scotia on the east, and to the rest of Canada on the west. In all there are some 1,941 m. of railway. The roads and rivers are also arteries of communication. There are Government owned and commercial radio stations at Red Head and St. John, with a direction-finding station at the latter as well.

History.

Until 1784 New Brunswick formed part, first of the French province of Acadia, later of the British province of Nova Scotia. The first settlement within its borders was made in 1604 by Pierre de Guast, sieur de Monts, with whom was Samuel de Champlain. Their colony at the mouth of the St. Croix river was soon abandoned, but throughout the French regime the dis trict was frequented by bands of fur-traders. In 1762 the first

English settlement was made at Maugerville, on the St. John river, and in 1764 a body of Scottish farmers and labourers took up land along the Miramichi. On May 18, 1783, a band of Amer ican loyalists settled at the mouth of the St. John. Thousands more followed, and in 1784 New Brunswick was declared a separate province. At first governed by a representative assembly and an irresponsible council, it obtained responsible government in 1847-48, after a constitutional struggle in which no little ability was shown. In 1867 it entered, without reluctance, but without enthusiasm, into the Canadian Federation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-Sir J. W. Dawson, Acadian Geology (ed. of 1891), is the most easily accessible work on the geology of the province. Numerous studies have been published, chiefly by the Geological Survey of Canada, by L. W. Bailey, R. W. Ells, A. P. Low and G. F. Matthew. Valuable papers on various provincial subjects have been published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada by W. F. Ganong. The Provincial Government issues a yearly volume of sessional papers ; Acadiensis, a magazine published in St. John. should also be consulted. The earliest account of New Brunswick is given by Nicholas Denys, Description geographique (published Paris, 1672 ; republished by W. F. Ganong, with notes and introduction. 1908) ; R. Montgomery Martin, History of New Brunswick (1837) ; G. E. Fenety, Political Notes (1867) ; James Hannay, History of Acadia (1879) ; and Lives of Wilmot and Tilley (19o7) ; N. Denys, Description geographique (1672 ; republished, 19°8) ; Sir J. W. Dawson, Acadian Geology (1891) ; Canada and its P,vovinces (23 vols., Toronto, 1914) ; Chronicles of Canada (32 vols., Toronto, 1914) ; New Brunswick: Its Natural Resources (Ottawa, 1921) ; Canada Year Books; Publica tions of the Geological Society of Canada ; Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada.