The Papuan Gulf and shores eastward were visited by F. P. Blackwood (1842-6, Voyage of the Fly, by J. B. Jukes), Owen Stanley (1846-50, Voyage of the Rattlesnake, by J. Macgillivray), Charles B. Yule (1864) and J. Moresby (1874). In 1875 Schlei nitz explored the north coast and islands. During this period scientific observers visited the islands, notably A. R. Wallace (1858), Odoardo Beccari (1871-76), Maria d'Albertis (1871-78), C. B. H. Rosenberg (1869-7o, Bijdragen, 1875), and Nicholas von Miklucho-Maclay (1871-81). Expeditions were made for the Netherlands India Government by P. van der Crab, E. Teysmann, J. G. Coorengel, A. J. Langeveldt van Hemert and P. Swaan (Bijdragen, 1879). Missionaries of the Utrecht Missionary Soci ety were at Port Dorey in 1858, and English missionaries have resided in the south-east since 1871. Of these, Samuel Macfar lane (1875), James Chalmers (1877-1901), and George Brown (1875-1897) have described both country and people. Otto Finsch (1882), and Theodore Bevan (1884-87) explored the southern rivers.
Since the annexations, explorers and observers have been con stantly at work. During and since the administration of Sir Wil liam MacGregor (1888-98), large areas of British territory were surveyed, and the natives pacified by a system of patrols (Annual Reports). The island was first crossed in 1897. James Chalmers was murdered in 1901. The anthropology has been made known by C. G. Seligman, V. M. Egidi, W. Mersh Strong, R. W. William son, B. Malinowski, W. J. Saville, E. B. Riley, G. Landtman, J. H. Holmes, A. C. Haddon and others. In 1922 Leo Austen ascended the Fly River to the Netherlands Boundary.
In German territory the Sepik (Kaiserin Augusta) river was visited by Otto Finsch (1885) and the Ramu river by Schleinitz (1887). In 1893 0. Ehlers and N. Piering lost their lives in cross ing the island from Huon Gulf. Other explorations were carried out by C. Lauterbach (1896), Poch (1904), Heine (1908), Full and Friederici (1908).
The northern part of Netherlands territory was explored by C. E. A. Wichman, G. A. J. van de Sande, and H. A. Lorentz (1903) and the south by Lorentz (1909—Nova Guinea by A. Wichman). South-west New Guinea has been explored (Nether lands Geographical Society 1908) and Central New Guinea In 1920 (H. J. T. Bijlers, 1923).
lished a fort in Triton Bay and took possession of the south-west coast as far as the 141st meridian. Their claim to the western half of the island was admitted by Britain and Germany in 1885. In 1905 the Sultan of Tidore ceded his rights to the Government.
In 1864 Yule annexed the south coast for the British crown, and Moresby in 1873 took possession of the islands of Eastern New Guinea. The possible dangers to the commerce of Queens land and Australia generally, should the island come into the possession of a foreign power, led to a demand for annexation. The Germans in 1882 having advised their Government to annex, the Queensland Government in 1883 actually annexed all the mainland opposite their shores and east of the 141st meridian, but, as with the annexations of Yule and Moresby, this action was disavowed by the Home Government. In 1884 Germany an nexed the north-east coast and adjacent islands, and Commodore Erskine proclaimed a British Protectorate over the region east of the 141st meridian as far as East Cape and the islands to Kosmann Island. In 1885 the German New Guinea Company was chartered to acquire and occupy those portions of the island not under British or Dutch sovereignty, the mainland being styled Kaiser Wilhelmsland, and the islands the Bismarck Archipel. A boundary agreement was made in the same year, the British terri tory being named British New Guinea. In 1888 the Protectorate became a dependency controlled by Queensland and in 1906 was renamed the Territory of Papua. In 1889 the German New Guinea Company surrendered their charter and the Imperial Government assumed direct administration. After the capitulations in the German territory was occupied by an Australian administra tion. Now, as the Territory of New Guinea, it is held by Australia under Mandate from the League of Nations.
BIBLIoGRAPHY.--Accounts of voyages published under the explorers' names are not noted here. A few others are mentioned in the text. Many Dutch expeditions are described in the Bijdragen tot de taal land-en-volken-Kunde- van Nederl. Indie, especially for 1875 and 1879. German explorations are recorded in Nachrichten fiber Kaiser Wilhelmsland. English surveys will be found in Annual Reports on British New Guinea (and Papua). Others works are: A. Dalrymple, Historical Collection (1770-71) Burney, Chronological History (1803) ; Meyners d' Estree, La Papouasie (Paris, 1880.