NEWCHWANG, a Chinese port city in the province of Fengtien, Manchuria 41' N. ; 15' E.), some 3o miles above the mouth of the Liao river which enters the Gulf of Liao Tung. At the Treaty of Tientsin (1858), Newchwang was chosen as one of the ports to be opened to foreign trade, but it was Ying tze (or Yinkow) near the mouth of the Liao river which actually became the centre of foreign settlements and was opened to trade in 1864. In recent years there has been a tendency to designate the port correctly as Yinkow, but Newchwang remains the official name of the Treaty port. The town was in 1895 occupied by and later ceded to Japan, only to be retroceded to China under foreign pressure. During the Russo-Japanese War, it was first in Russian and later in Japanese hands, but was finally restored to China at the end of the war. The outlet of the Liao River is obstructed by a bar and the port is closed by ice for three or four winter months. It has railway connection with Peking and with the main Mukden-Dairen line of the South Manchuria Railway by means of a short branch. Until 1907 Newchwang was the only Treaty port of Manchuria and it shared in the rising prosperity of South Manchuria; but in more recent years its development has been checked owing to the remarkable rise of Dairen, the southern terminus of the South Manchuria Railway.
The trade of Newchwang in 1926 was: net foreign imports, 19,324,000 Hk. Taels; net Chinese imports, 32,296,443 Hk. Taels;
exports, 26,967,606 Hk. Taels; total 78,588.049 Hk. Taels.
The chief imports are foreign cotton piece goods, cotton yarn, native cottons, aniline dyes; exports mainly beans, bean-oil, bean cake, maize, cotton-seed and coal. Until 5908 Newchwang was the centre of the bean-oil and bean-cake industry of Manchuria and of the export trade in these and other Manchurian products, but it has since been supplanted by Dairen. It has still, however, a large number of Chinese mills manufacturing bean cake, which is mainly exported to South China, and bean oil for the Shanghai market. The product of the cotton-weaving industry of Newch wang is very cheap and durable and exceptionally popular among the peasants of South Manchuria. There are a large number of cotton-cloth weaving factories, some of which employ electric power, as well as many hosiery, ribbon and towel factories. Other industries include match-making, soap-works, glass-ware, knitting-needle factories, brick and dye-works. The sea-fisheries of the neighbourhood are very important and employ about 3,000 fishermen and 55o boats ; the annual yield of fishery products being worth more than half a million yen. The Chinese population of Newchwang is 65,00o (1926) and there are also some 2,30o Japanese in the Japanese Concession.