Newspapers in Continental Countries

The Times and The World.

The final success of The Tribune led Henry Jarvis Raymond to establish The New York Times on Sept. 18, 1851, but under different conditions than existed when Bennett started The Herald. For a mechanical equipment Raymond had to pay at least $5o,000 and to his assistants he had to give much larger salaries than he received when he worked for Greeley. Over $ioo,000 was spent before the paper showed a profit. It was after Raymond's death, however, that The Times came into great prominence through its bold exposure of the rob beries and frauds committed by the Tweed ring in the municipal government of New York.

In the three decades that followed the establishment of the penny press of New York some 3o daily newspapers were estab lished but their names must remain blank except for one, which has had a most remarkable history, The New York World. Started as a religious daily newspaper on June 1, 186o, it was published at a heavy loss until a year later, when it merged with the Courier-Enquirer, practically defunct, though at one time, under the ownership of James Watson Webb, a powerful political organ. As a worldly World it passed through various ownerships until its purchase (May 1883) by Joseph Pulitzer, the penniless son of a Jewish father and a Catholic mother, who coming to America from Hungary in 1864, was already the owner of The St. Louis Post Dispatch. Under his control he transformed The World to one of the most fearless, dynamic campaign sheets in the United States. The Civil War brought about an increase in subscription price. In the North the customary price for a sheet of eight or more pages was four cents and farther west five cents. In the South newspapers sold much higher, were reduced in size and even in rare instances appeared printed on wallpaper. The daily demand for news brought forth the Sunday newspaper as that term is now understood.

Personalities in American Journalism.

Until several decades after the Civil War, newspapers not only in New York but in other large cities were closely associated with the names of those responsible for their management. In Springfield, Mass., Samuel Bowles was the personification of The Republican which his father, with the help of a small hand press, had started on Sept. 8, 1824, and which 20 years later, became a daily. In Philadelphia, The Record, started as a one cent daily (June 1877), was the outgrowth of The Public Record, founded seven years earlier: the latter paper was a losing venture until William M.

Singerly purchased its Associated Press franchise for his new paper. The Evening Bulletin, founded in 1847 by Alexander Cum mings, had a vicarious existence until it became the property of William L. McLean. The first number of The News appeared in

Indianapolis, Ind., on Dec. 7, 1869. The Evening Star, which first shone in Washington, Dec. 16, 1852, has had a growth contempo raneous with that of the city in which it is published. Its contem porary, The Post, was established in the U.S. capital, Dec. 1877, by Stilson Hutchins. The San Francisco Chronicle was begun June 1865, by Charles de Young, as a playbill distributed free in theatres and in other places. On March 4, 1887, U.S. Senator George Hearst turned The San Francisco Examiner, which he had taken as a part of a bad debt, over to his son William Ran dolph Hearst, who used it as a starter for a famous chain of papers stretching across the country from San Francisco to New York. In Detroit, in Aug. 1873, James E. Scripps started his Evening News which became a rival of The Free Press (1831). Milwaukee saw The Sentinel established in June 1837, and The Evening Wisconsin in June 1847. Louisville, Ky., witnessed (Nov. 183o) the first appearance of The Journal under the editorship of George D. Prentice and had laid at its doorstep in Nov. 1868 a united sheet—The Courier-Journal, controlled by Col. Henry Watterson. In Chicago passing mention may be made that The Daily News, which made its first appearance in Dec. 1875, was started by Melville E. Stone, who later achieved distinction as general manager of the Associated Press; that The Herald first appeared March 1881; that The Tribune, the first edition of which (June 1847) was 400 copies printed on a hand press, passed, in 1855, into the control of Joseph Medill, whose editorials rivalled those of Horace Greeley. William Rockhill Nelson, a most pic turesque figure among the makers of American newspapers, first let his Star shine in Kansas City, Mo., Sept. 188o, and Harrison Gray Otis, that dynamic editor, became owner, on Aug. 1, 1882, of The Los Angeles Times, a paper then only a year old. To supplement what has been written about the press in Boston, it may be added that The Post was started as a Democratic daily on Nov. 9, 1831, but only became a power in Boston journalism when it was purchased by E. A. Grozier, a protégé of Joseph Pulitzer; that The Herald came into existence on the afternoon of Aug. 31, 1846, with an edition of 2,000; that The Globe was started March 1872, to grace the breakfast table just as The Transcript adorned the tea table, and that its builder was Charles H. Taylor, who joined its staff in August of that year.