Nickel
Nickel (symbol Ni, Atomic Number 28, Atomic Weight 58.69, Isototes 58 And 6o), A Greyish-white Metallic Element Of Con Siderable Malleability And Ductility. It Has Been Known From The Earliest Times, Being Employed By The Chinese In The Form Of An Alloy Called Pakfong. It Was First Isolated In An ...
Nickel Steel
Nickel Steel, An Alloy Of Iron, Carbon And Nickel; Nickel Primarily Conferring Strength And Toughness. Experience Gained With Ordnance Steels Resulted In The Present Large Use Of Alloy Steels For Making Case Hardened Parts, For High Strength Castings, Boiler Plate, Bridge Steel, Forgings And For Special Electrical Alloys. High Grade ...
Nicobar Islands
Nicobar Islands, A British Group Of Twelve Inhabited And Seven Uninhabited Islands In The Bay Of Bengal, Between Sumatra And The Andaman Islands, To Which Latter They Are Administratively Appended. Thcy Have An Aggregate Area Of About 2,508 Sq.m., Great Nicobar (loong), The Largest And Southernmost Of Any Size, Covering ...
Nicolaus Of Lyra
Nicolaus Of Lyra (c. French Commen Tator, Was Born In Lire, Now Vieille-lyre (eure). He Entered The Franciscan Order At Verneuil About 130o, And Studied At Paris, Where, Becoming A Doctor Some Time Before 1309, He Taught For Many Years. From 1319 He Was Provincial Of His Order In France, ...
Nictheroy
Nictheroy, A City Of Brazil And Capital Of The State Of Rio De Janeiro, On The E. Shore Of The Bay Of Rio De Janeiro, Opposite The City Of That Name. Estimated Pop. (with Municipal District), 193o, 108,233. A Railway Connects The City With The Interior, With Macahe, On The ...
Niello
Niello (the Italian Form Of Lat. Nigellunc, Diminutive Of Niger, "black"), A Method Of Producing Delicate And Minute Decora Tion On A Polished Metal Surface By Incised Lines Filled In With A Black Metallic Amalgam. In Some Cases It Is Very Difficult To Distinguish Niello From Black Enamel ; But ...
Nievre
Nievre, A Department Of France, Formed From The Old Province Of Nivernais With A Small Part Of The Orleanais. It Is Bounded North-west By Loiret, North By Yonne, East By Cote D'or, East And South-east By Saone-et-loire, South By Allier And West By Cher. Pop. (1931) 255,195. Area 2,658 Sq. ...
Niger
Niger, A Great River Of West Africa, Inferior Only To The Congo And Nile Among The Rivers Of The Continent. Rising Within I5o M. Of The Sea In The Mountainous Zone Which Marks The North-east Frontiers Of Sierra Leone And French Guinea, It Tra Verses The Interior Plateaux In A ...
Nigeria
Nigeria, A British Colony And Protectorate In West Africa, Occupying The Basin Of The Lower Niger And Adjacent Regions. Area 338,593 Sq.m., Pop. (1931 Census) 19,130,859. Administra Tively Attached To Nigeria Is That Part Of The Cameroons Under British Mandate, Which Has An Area Of Some 34,081 Sq.m. And A ...
Nightingale
Nightingale, The Bird Celebrated Beyond All Others By European Writers For The Vocal Powers Which, Contrary To Usual Belief, It Exercises At All Hours Of The Day And Night During Some Weeks After Its Return From Its Winter-quarters In The South. The Song Itself Is Indescribable, Though Several Attempts Have ...
Nightshade
Nightshade, A General Term For Plants Of The Botanical Genus Solanum (family Solanaceae). The Species To Which The Name Of Nightshade Is Commonly Given In England And North America Is Solanum Dulcamara Which Is Called Also Bittersweet Or Woody Nightshade. It Is A Common Plant In Damp Hedgebanks And Thickets, ...
Nikolai Alexey Evich 1821 1877
Nekrasov Or Nekrassov, Nikolai Alexey Evich (1821-1877), Russian Poet, Was Born On Nov. 22 (0.5.) 1821, In Podolia, The Son Of A Landowner In The Government Of Yaroslav, Where The Boy Was Brought Up. He Studied At St. Petersburg, Against The Will Of His Father, Who Left Him To His ...
Nikolayev
Nikolayev, A Seaport Of The Ukrainian S.s.r., Situated A Little Above The Confluence Of The Ingul And Bug Rivers, At The Head Of The Bug Estuary In 46° 58' N., 35° 58' E. Pop. 141,400. Vessels Have To Pass The Bar Of The Dnieper To Reach The Ochakov Channel, And ...
Nikon Nikita Minin 0605 1680
Nikon [nikita Minin] 0605-1680, 6th Patriarch Of Mos Cow, Russian Reformer And Statesman, Son Of A Peasant Farmer Named Mina, Was Born On May 7, I6o5, In The Village Of Valma Novo, 90 Versts From Nijni-novgorod. Misery Pursued The Child From His Cradle, And Prematurely Hardened A Character Not Naturally ...
Nile
Nile, The Longest River Of Africa, And Second In Length Of All The Rivers Of The Globe, Draining A Vast Area In North-east Africa, From The East African Lake Plateau To The Shores Of The Mediter Ranean. Although Falling Short Of The Length Of The Mississippi Missouri (4,194 M. According ...
Niles
Niles, A City Of Berrien County, Michigan, U.s.a., 93 In. E. Of Chicago, On The St. Joseph River. It Is On Federal Highway 31; Has A Municipal Airport ; And Is Served By The Big Four And The Michigan Central Railways, And By Interurban Trolley And Motor Bus Lines. The ...
Nilotes
Nilotes, Certain Peoples Of The Anglo-egyptian Sudan, Of Whom The Shilluk And Dinka, Best Known Representatives Of These Tall "black"-skinned Dolichocephals, Have An Average Stature Of About 1•78m. (about Loin.) Or Perhaps A Little More, And A Cephalic Index Which Varies Around 72. In These Tribes, As Well As In ...
Nimeguen Nijmwegen
Nijmwegen, Nimeguen, Nymegen Or Nimwegen, A Resi Dential Town In The Province Of Gelderland, Holland, On The Left Bank Of The Waal, 241 M. E. By S. Of Tiel By Rail. Pop. (1930), 81,716. It Has Regular Steamboat Communication With Rotterdam, Cologne And Arnhem, And Is Very Prettily Situated On ...
Nimes
Nimes, A City Of Southern France, Capital Of The Department Of Gard, 174 M. S. By W. Of Lyons On The P.l.m. Railway, Between Avignon And Montpellier. Pop. (1931) 78,040. Nimes, The Ancient Nemausus, Was Named From The Sacred Wood In Which The Volcae Arecomici (who Surrendered To Rome In ...
Nimrod
Nimrod Is Described In Genesis X. 8-12 As The First "to Be A Mighty One In The Earth," Which Skinner In His Commentary Paraphrases As "originator Of The Idea Of The Military State, Based On Arbitrary Force." Apart From 1 Chron. I. 1 O, Which Quotes This Description, The Only ...
Nineveh
Nineveh. The Ancient Capital Of The Assyrian Empire Lay On The Right Bank Of The Tigris Opposite The Modern City Of Mosul. It Consists Of Two Great Mounds, Kouyunjik And That On Which To Day Is The Reputed Tomb Of The Prophet Jonah (nebi Yunus). The River Has Now Shifted ...
Ningpo
Ningpo ("city Of The Peaceful Waves"), An Important Chinese City And Chief Commercial Centre Of The Province Of Chekiang, Lying In A Fertile Plain Backed By Mountains On The South Side Of Hangchow Bay, And About 12 Miles Upstream From The Mouth Of The River Yung. The District Of Ningpo, ...
Nippon Yusen Kaisha
Nippon Yusen Kaisha (japan Mail Steamship Com Pany Ltd.). The N.y.k. Was Founded In 1885, Having As Its Nucleus The Mitsubishi Company, Established By The Late Mr. Yataro Iwasaki In 1871. When Complaints Were Uttered Against The Mitsubishi Company, The Kyodo Unyu Kaisha (union Trans Port Company) Began, In 1882, ...
Nippur
Nippur, An Ancient Sacred City Of Mesopotamia. Nippur Lay On The Bank Of The Old Course Of The Euphrates In 32° N., E. The Old Bed Of The River Is Represented By Present Shatt Al Nil, Whose Dry Bed Now Separates The Two Main Groups Of Ruins. The City Lies ...
Nish
Nish, The Capital Of The Nish Department Of Serbia, Yugo Slavia. Pop. (1931) 35,384, Comprising Serbs, Turks, Albanians, Bulgars, Greeks And A Jewish Colony. Nish Is Not Only Important Commercially, But Also Strategically Since (i) It Commands The Only Two Valleys Affording Easy Access From Central Europe To The Aegean, ...
Nishapur
Nishapur, A Town In The Province Of Khurasan In Persia, 3,92o Ft. Above Sea-level, In 36° N., And 58° 40' E., So M. W. Of Meshed In One Of The Most Fertile Districts Of Persia, Which Produces Much Grain And Cotton. The Town Which Has Somewhat Shifted Its Position With ...
Nisibis Nusaybin
Nisibis (nusaybin), A Frontier Fortress And Trading Town Of Turkey On The Syrian Border About 13o M. N.w. Of Mosul, Iraq. It Lies On The Borderland Between The Mountains And The Plain In 37° N. 41° E. At The Point Where The Yaghyagha (called In Ancient Times The Mygdonius) Passes ...
Nitric Acid
Nitric Acid (aqua Fortis), An Important Mineral Acid, It Is Mentioned In The De Inventione Veritatis Ascribed To Geber, Wherein It Is Obtained By Calcining A Mixture Of Nitre, Alum And Blue Vitriol. It Was Again Described By Albert Le Grand Ir. The 13th Century And By Raimon Lull, Who ...
Nitro Cellulose Powder
Nitro-cellulose Powder: See Guncotton. Nitro-cellulose Silk: See Silk, Artificial. Nitro-compounds, In Organic Chemistry, Compounds Containing The Univalent Radical Directly Combined With Carbon. Aromatic Most Important Pounds Are Those Of The Aromatic Series Derived From Benzene, Toluene, Xylene And Naphthalene, Since They Find Extensive Use Either In The Manufacture Of Synthetic ...
Nitrobenzene
Nitrobenzene, The Simplest Aromatic Nitro-compound, Was First Isolated In 1834 By E. Mitscherlich, And Is Prepared Commercially By The Gradual Addition Of Benzene To A Well-cooled Mixture Of Concentrated Nitric And Sulphuric Acids, The Oily Product Being Separated, Washed With Alkali, And Then Distilled. It Is A Yellowish Liquid Possessing ...
Nitrogen
Nitrogen, Is A Colourless, Odourless, Tasteless Gas, Which Is Incombustible And Does Not Support Combustion, And Is One Of The Most Widespread And Indispensable Elements. Symbol N, Atomic Number 7, Atomic Weight 14.008. Its Existence Was First Recognized By Scheele (1772) Who Showed That Common Air Consists Of At Least ...
Niue Savage Island
Niue (savage Island) : See Pacific Islands. Nivelle, Robert George ( 6 24) , French Sol Dier, Was Born On Oct. 15, 1856, At Tulle, Correze. He Entered The Polytechnic In 1876, And Left Two Years Later To Join The Artil Lery. He Served In China In 1900, And Then ...
Nizhegorod
Nizhegorod (an Abbreviation From Nijni-novgorod), A Province Of The Russian S.f.s.r., Bounded On The East By Vyatka, The Marii Autonomous Area And The Chuvash Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, On The South Of Ulianovsk, Penza And Ryazan, On The West By Vladimir, Ivanovo-vosnesensk And Kos Troma, And On The North By ...
No Drama
No Drama. In Japan In The Beginning Of The 15th Cen Tury, The Saru-gaku (lit. "monkey Music," Consisting Of Juggling Feats And Comic Remarks With Actions To Suit) Of Yamato Province Was Revolutionized By Kan-nami Kiyotsugu And His Son Se-ami Motokiyo, And What Is Now Known As No-gaku, Or No ...
Noah
Noah Appears In Genesis V. 29 As Son Of Lamech And Tenth In Descent From Adam. The Hazardous Attempt Of The Verse To Find An Etymology For The Name In The Hebrew Verb "comfort" Is An Extract From Another Tradition, And Views Noah As Repairing In Some Measure By His ...
Nobel Prizes
Nobel Prizes. These Are Awarded From The Nobel Foun Dation, A Fund Established Under The Will Of A. B. Nobel (q.v.), Which Directed That The Interest Of The Bulk Of His Huge Fortune Should Be Apportioned In Equal Shares To The Person Who Shall Have Made The Most Important (a) ...
Noddy
Noddy, The Name Applied To A Sea-bird, Anous Stolidus, One Of The Terns (q.v.), From Its Showing So Little Fear Of Man As To Be Accounted Stupid. It Is Heavier In Flight Than Most Terns, With Shorter Wings And Less Forked Tail. The Plumage Is Of A Uniform Sooty Hue, ...
Noise And Its Control
Noise And Its Control. No Rigid Definition Of Noise Is Possible. By Analogy With "dirt," It Has Been Called "sound Out Of Place," And It Is Usually A Medley Of Individual Sounds. For Measuring Noise The Instrument Most Widely Used, Especially In America, Is The Audiometer Devised By The Bell ...
Nola
Nola, An Ancient City And See Of Campania, Italy, Province Of Naples, Pleasantly Situated In The Plain Between Mount Vesu Vius And Apennines, 164 M. E.n.e. Of Naples By Rail, 121 Ft. Above Sea-level. Pop. (1921) 8,333 (town) ; 15,672 (commune). There Is An Ancient Gothic Cathedral With Its Lofty ...
Nomads
Nomads, "wanderers," Primitive Pastoral People Who Have No Settled Territory. Nomads Seem To Exist In Every Large Territory. Some, Like The Gypsies (q.v.), Becoming International. There Are Asiatic Nomads Of All Types, The Chief Being The Mongols Whose Nomadism Became Highly Specialized. The Basques (q.v.) Are Generally Supposed To Have ...
Nominalism
Nominalism, The Name Of One Of The Two Main Tenden Cies Of Mediaeval Philosophy, The Other Being Realism (from Lat. Nomen, Name). The Controversy Between Nominalists And Realists Arose From A Passage In Boethius' Translation Of Porphyry's Introduction To The Categories Of Aristotle, Which Propounded The Problem Of Genera And ...
Nomography
Nomography, A Comparatively Recent Development In Applied Geometry, Analogous To Descriptive Geometry Or To Graph Ical Statics. Its Object Is The General Study Of The Representation, By Means Of Diagrams Call Nomograms, Of Mathematical Laws (gr. Nomos, A Law) Which Are Expressed Analytically By Means Of Equa Tions With Any ...
Non Avian Nest Makers
Non-avian Nest-makers Mammals.—few Other Animals Have Attained To The Skill In Weaving Displayed By Birds. The Harvest-mouse Among The Mam Mals Is, However, The Rival Of Most Birds. The Rabbit Builds A Nest In Her Burrow, And Lines It With The Under-fur Plucked From Her Body, Forming A Parallel To ...
Non Harmonic And Greek Music
Non-harmonic And Greek Music Music Before The Rise Of A Harmonic System Is Of Two Kinds, The Unwritten Or Extemporaneous, And The Recorded Or Scientific. At The Present Day The Music Of Races That Have Not Acquired Western Harmony Often Pleases Us Best When It Seems Most Extem Poraneous. Tradition ...
Nonjurors
Nonjurors, The Name Given To Those Beneficed Clergy Of The Church Of England Who Refused To Take The Oaths Of Alle Giance To William And Mary In 1689. They Were About 400 In Number, And Included William Sancroft, Archbishop Of Canter Bury, And Four Others Of The "seven Bishops": Thomas ...
Nonnus
Nonnus (egyptian For "saint"), Greek Epic Poet, A Native Of Panopolis (akhmim) In The Egyptian Thebaid, Probably Lived At The End Of The 4th Or Beginning Of The 5th Century A.d. His Principal Work Is The Dionysiaca, An Epic In 48 Books, The Main Subject Of Which Is The Expedition ...
Nonpartisan League
Nonpartisan League, An American Political And Economic Organization Of Farmers Founded By Arthur C. Townley At Bismarck, N.d., In Feb. 1915. For Years The Farmers Of The State Had Complained Of Exploitation By Grain Speculators, Bankers And Politicians. The 1915 Session Of The Legislature, At Which Mem Bers Of The ...
Nord
Nord, The Most Northern Department Of France. Area 2,22 Sq. Miles. Pop. (1931) 2,029,449. Bounded For 21 M. By The North Sea, It Has Belgian Territory On The North-east And East. It Lies Below, And Parallel To, The Chalk Scarp Of Artois, Famous For Its Defence In The War Of ...
Norddeutscher Lloyd Steamship Com
Norddeutscher Lloyd Steamship Com Pany. The Norddeutscher Lloyd Was Founded On February 20, 1857, By Consul Hermann Heinrich Meier; Their First Line Of Steamships Plied Between Bremen And English Ports, And On June 19, 1858, The Company's First Ocean-going Liner, The Bremen, Sailed For New York And Inaugurated Their Transatlantic ...
Nordlingen
Nordlingen, German Town In The Swabian Province Of Bavaria, On The Eger. Pop. (1933) 8,40o. From 898, When First Mentioned, To 1215 Nordlingen Was Subject To The Bishops Of Regensburg, But About 1215 It Became A Free City Of The Empire. It Was Annexed To Bavaria In 1803. It Is ...
Norfolk
Norfolk, An Eastern County Of England, Bounded North And East By The North Sea, South-east And South By Suffolk And West By Cambridgeshire And Lincolnshire. The Area Is 2,044.4 Sq.m., The County Being The Fourth In Size In England. Of Mudbanks, Which Are Left Dry At Low Water. At Various ...
Norman
Norman, In Architecture, The Romanesque Style Developed In Normandy And England During The Ii Th And 12th Centuries, Up To The Time Of The General Adoption Of Gothic Architecture In Both Countries. As It Was Only Shortly Before The Norman Con Quest Of England That Normandy Became Settled And Civilized ...
Normandy
Normandy, A Province Of Old France, Bounded On The N.e. By The River Bresle, Which Falls Into The Channel At Treport And Separates Normandy From Picardy, And Then Roughly By The Epte, Which Divides The Vexin Into Two Parts. Under The Feudal Regime, The Energy Of The Norman Dukes Pre ...
Normans
Normans, The Softened Form Of The Word "northman," Applied First To The People Of Scandinavia In General, And After Wards Specially To The People Of Norway. In The Form Of "nor Man" It Is The Name Of Those Colonists From Scandinavia Who Settled In Gaul, Founded Normandy, Adopted The French ...
Norns
Norns, In Northern Mythology, The Female Divinities Of Fate, Like The Gr. Mozpac Generally Represented As Three In Number, And Said To Spin, Or Weave, The Destiny Of Men. They Dwell Beside The "spring Of Fate," Beneath The "world-tree," Yggdrasil's Ash, Which They Water From The Spring. Sometimes The Norns ...
Norse Language
Norse Language. The Old Norwegian Language (till The Reformation) Was Not, Like The Modern Language, Confined To Norway And The Faroe Islands, But Was For Some Time Spoken In Parts Of Ireland And The North Of Scotland, The Isle Of Man, The Hebrides, Shetland And Orkney (where It Continued To ...
North America
North America. The Continent Of North America Has A Mean Altitude Of About 2,000 Ft., And An Area Of Some 8,000,000 Sq.m., 16% Of The Earth's Land Area And 4% Of The Earth's Entire Surface. Certain Correspondences Of Its Geological Structure And History With Those Of The Greater Part Of ...