Office Management
Office Management. The Office Is That Part Of An Enterprise Which Is Devoted To The Direction And Co-ordination Of The Various Activities Of The Enterprise. It Is Characterized By The Gathering, Classification And Preservation Of Data Of All Sorts; The Making, Using And Preservation Of All Kinds Of Records; The ...
Officers
Officers. The Employment Of The Word "officer" To Denote A Person Holding A Military Or Naval Command As Representative Of The State, And Not As Deriving His Authority From His Own Powers Or Privileges, Marks An Entire Change In The Character Of The Armed Forces Of Civilized Nations. Originally Signifying ...
Official Secrets
Official Secrets. At Common Law There Was, And Is, No Such Offence As Espionage In Time Of Peace. In Time Of War, However, The Act Of Communicating Information Useful To An Enemy State Was Always Punishable Under The Head Of Treason. In 1889, By The First Official Secrets Act This ...
Ogasawara Jima
Ogasawara Jima Form A Group Of 27 Small Islands Having A Total Area Of But 29sq.m. And Lying In The Western Pacific 27°n. 143°e. The Whole Coast Of Eastern Asia Is Fringed By Island Arcs, The Innermost Of Which Consist Of Large Islands Such As Japan, Formosa And The Philippines, ...
Ogden
Ogden, A City Of Utah, U.s.a., 35 M. N. Of Salt Lake City, At The Confluence Of The Ogden And The Weber Rivers And The Foot Of The Wasatch Mountains; The County Seat Of Weber County And The Second City Of The State In Size. It Is On Federal High ...
Ogdensburg
Ogdensburg, A City Of St. Lawrence County, New York, U.s.a., On The St. Lawrence River At The Mouth Of The Oswegatchie, 5o M. From Lake Ontario. It Is Served By The New York Central And The Rutland Railways And Lake And River Steamers, And Is Connected By Passenger And Car ...
Ogham Language
Ogham Language. The Language Of The Ogham In Scriptions Is The Oldest Form Of Goidelic With Which We Are Ac Broad Valley Io M. Up The Canyon Is Artesian Park, Where A Cluster Of 43 Fountains Spout Water That Is Chemically Pure, From A Depth Of I 5o Ft., For ...
Ogier The Dane
Ogier The Dane, A Hero Of Romance, Identified With The Frankish Warrior Autchar (autgarius, Auctarius, Otgarius, Ogger Ius) Who In 771 Or 772 Accompanied Gerberga, Widow Of Carlo Man, Charlemagne's Brother, And Her Children To The Court Of Desiderius, King Of The Lombards, With Whom He Marched Against Rome. In ...
Ogilvy
Ogilvy, The Name Of A Celebrated Scottish Family Of Which The Earl Of Airlie Is The Head. The Family Was Probably Descended From A Certain Gillebride, Earl Of Angus, Who Received Lands From William The Lion. The Earldom Of Findlater, Bestowed On James Ogilvy, Lord Ogilvy Of Deskford, In 1638, ...
Ogowe
Ogowe, A River Of West Central Africa, About75o M. Long, Rising In 3° S. In The Highlands Known As The Crystal Range, And Flowing North-west And West, Reaches The Gabun Coast Of The Atlantic By Cape Lopez, A Little South Of The Equator. Here It Forms A Considerable Delta. In ...
Ohio
Ohio, Popularly Known As The "buckeye State," Is A North Central State Of The United States Of America, Lying Between Latitudes 38° 27' And 40 57' N. And Between Longitudes 8o° 34' And 84° 49' W. Of Greenwich. It Is Bounded North By Michi Gan And Lake Erie, East By ...
Ohio Company
Ohio Company, A Name Of Two Companies Organized In The 18th Century For The Colonization Of The Ohio Valley. The First Ohio Company Was Organized In 1749, Partly To Aid In Securing For The English Control Of The Valley, Then In Dispute Between England And France, And Partly As A ...
Ohio River
Ohio River, The Principal Eastern Tributary Of The Missis Sippi River, U.s.a. It Is Formed By The Confluence Of The Alle Gheny And Monongahela Rivers At Pittsburgh (pa.), And Flows North-west Nearly To The West Border Of Pennsylvania, South South-west Between Ohio And West Virginia, West By North Be Tween ...
Oirat Autonomous Area
Oirat Autonomous Area, An Administrative Di Vision Of The Russian S.f.s.r., Created In 1922, Within The Siberian Area, Bounded By Kazakstan On The South-west And Mongolia, With The Mongolian Tannu-tubinsk Republic On The South And East, And By The Siberian Area On The North. Area 91,200 Sq.km. Pop. (1926) About ...
Oise
Oise, A Department Of Northern France, Three-fourths Of Which Belonged To Ile-de-france And The Rest To Picardy, Bounded North By Somme, East By Aisne, South By Seine-et-marne And Seine-et-oise, And West By Eure And Seine-inferieure. Pop. 2 Area 2,272 Sq.m. As Its Name Implies, The Department Includes A Good Deal ...
Oisin
Oisin (pronounced Usheen), Reputed To Be The Son Of Finn Mac Cumhaill (q.v.), A Heroic Warrior And Bard. He Figures To But A Small Extent In The Earlier Literature Of The Finn Cycle, Being Eclipsed By His Father And By His Son Oscar. But In The Later "ossianic" Literature He ...
Ojibwa
Ojibwa. The Ojibwa Or Chippewa Form A Large, Loosely Knit Group Of Algonkin Indians, Said To Have Held Originally The Northern Shores Of Lakes Huron And Superior, But Extending In The Historic Period Also Westward Across Northern Minnesota And Into Manitoba As Far As Turtle Mountain. Their Expansion Was Largely ...
Oklahoma
Oklahoma Is A West South Central State Of The United States Of America, Lying Between 35' And 37° N. Lat. And 29' And 103° W. Long. It Is Bounded North By Colorado And Kansas; East By Missouri And Arkansas; South By Texas, From Which It Is Separated In Part By ...
Olaf I Tryggvesson
Olaf I. Tryggvesson (969-100o), King Of Norway, Was Born In 969, And Began His Career In Exile. It Is Even Said That He Was Bought As A Slave In Estonia. After A Boyhood Spent In Novgorod Under The Protection Of King Valdemar, Olaf Fought For The Emperor Otto Iii. Under ...
Olaf Or Anlaf
Olaf Or Anlaf (d. 981), King Of The Danish Kingdoms Of Northumbria And Of Dublin, Was A Son Of Sitric, King Of Deira, And Was Related To The English King Aethelstan. He Was Of Norse Descent, And He Married A Daughter Of Constantine Ii., King Of The Scots. When Sitric ...
Oland
Oland, An Island In The Baltic Sea, Next To Gotland The Largest Belonging To Sweden, Stretching For 85 M. Along The East Coast Of The Southern Extremity Of That Country, From Which It Is Separated By Kalmar Sound Which Is From 5 To 15 M. Broad. The Greatest Breadth Of ...
Old Age Pensions
Old Age Pensions. The Royal Commission On The Aged Poor Was Appointed In 1893 To Consider Whether Any Al Terations In The System Of Poor Law Relief Are Desirable, In The Case Of Persons Whose Destitution Is Occasioned By Incapacity For Work Resulting From Old Age, Or Whether Assistance Could ...
Old Catholics
Old Catholics; The Designation Assumed By Those Members Of The Roman Catholic Church Who Refused To Accept The Decrees Of The Vatican Council Of 187o Defining The Dogma Of Papal Infallibility (see Vatican Council And Infallibility) And Ultimately Set Up A Separate Ecclesiastical Organization On The Episcopal Model. The Old ...
Old Point Comfort
Old Point Comfort, A Summer And Winter Resort, In Elizabeth City County, Virginia, U.s.a., At The Southern End Of A Narrow, Sandy Peninsula Projecting Into Hampton Roads (at The Mouth Of The James River), About 12 M. N. By W. Of Norfolk. It Is Served Directly By The Chesapeake And ...
Old Slavonic
Old Slavonic. By The Language Called Old Bulgarian Or Old (church) Slavonic, And Here Abbreviated As O.b., Is Meant That First Fixed In Writing Towards The End Of The 9th Century, When, At The Request Of The Moravian Prince Rostislav, The Byzan Tine Emperor, Michael Iii., Decided To Send Emissaries ...
Oldenburg
Oldenburg, A State Of Germany, With An Area Of Sq.m. It Consists Of Three Widely Separated Provinces—(i) Old Enburg, (2) Lubeck, And (3) Birkenfeld. It Has One Vote In The German Reichsrat. The Mineral Wealth Of Oldenburg Is Very Small. Woollen And Cotton Fabrics, Stockings, Jute And Cigars Are Made ...
Oldenburg_2
Oldenburg, A State Of Germany, With An Area Of Sq.m. It Consists Of Three Widely Separated Provinces—(1) Old Enburg, (2) Lubeck, And (3) Birkenfeld. It Has One Vote In The German Reichsrat. The Mineral Wealth Of Oldenburg Is Very Small. Woollen And Cotton Fabrics, Stockings, Jute And Cigars Are Made ...
Oldham
Oldham, Municipal, County, And Parliamentary Borough, Lancashire, England, 7 M. N.e. Of Manchester, On The L.m.s. And L.n.e. Railways And The Oldham Canal. Pop. (1931) 140,309. The Principal Railway Station Is Called Mumps, But There Are Several Others. The Town Lies High, Near The Source Of The Small River Medlock. ...
Olfactory System
Olfactory System. In Anatomy, The Olfactory Sys Tem Consists Of The Nose And The Nasal Cavities Which Support The Olfactory Mucous Membrane For The Perception Of Smell In Their Upper Parts, And Act As Respiratory Passages Below. The Bony Framework Of The Nose Is Part Of The Skull (q.v.), But ...
Olgierd
Olgierd (d. 1377), Grand-duke Of Lithuania, Was One Of The Seven Sons Of Gedymin, Grand-duke Of Lithuania, Among Whom On His Death In 1341 He Divided His Domains, Leaving The Young Est, Yavnuty, In Possession Of The Capital, Vilna, With A Nominal Priority. With The Aid Of His Brother Kiejstut, ...
Oligocene
Oligocene (gr. 6x17os, Few, And Katvos, Recent), In Geol Ogy, The Name Given To The Second Period Of The Tertiary Era. The Oligocene System Thus Includes Those Strata Which Occur Above The Eocene And Below The Miocene. These Rocks Were Originally Classed By Sir Charles Lyell As Older Miocene, The ...
Olive
Olive (olea Europaea), The Plant That Yields The Olive Oil Of Commerce, Belonging To A Section Of The Family Oleaceae, Of Which It Has Been Taken As The Type. The Genus Olea Includes About 35 Species, Very Widely Scattered, Chiefly Over The Old World, From The Mediterranean Basin To South ...
Olive Oil
Olive Oil. An Oil Expressed From The Fleshy Part (peri Carp) Of The Fruit Of The Olive Tree, Which Is Chiefly Cultivated In The Countries Bordering On The Mediterranean, And Recently With Some Success In California, South Africa And Australia. The Ripe Fruit Contains From 20 To 6o% Of Oil, ...
Olivier Emile I25 1913
Ollivier, Olivier Emile ( I _25-1913), French Statesman, Was Born At Marseilles On July 2, 1825. On The Estab Lishment Of The Second Republic His Father, Demosthenes Ol Livier ( I 799-1844) , Secured For Him The Position Of Commissary General Of The Department Of Bouches-du-rhone. His Repression Of A ...
Olivine
Olivine, A Rock-forming Mineral Composed Of Magnesium And Ferrous Orthosilicate, The Formula Being The Name Alludes To Its Olive-green Colour And Is Often Applied Incor Rectly By Jewellers To Various Green Stones. The Transparent Varie Ties, Or "precious Olivine" Used In Jewellery, Are Known As Chryso Lite (q.v.) And Peridot. ...
Olympia
Olympia, The Capital City Of Washington, U.s.a., And The County Seat Of Thurston County, At The Extreme Southern End Of Puget Sound, So M. S.s.w. From Seattle. It Is On Federal High Ways 99, Ioi And 41o; Has An Airport Of 200 Ac. On The Pacific Airway, Io Min. Drive ...
Olympia
Olympia, The Scene Of The Olympic Games, Is In Western Peloponnese On The N. Bank Of The Alpheus (mod. Ruphia), About Ii M. E. Of Modern Pyrgos, Where The Ancient Cladeus Tributary Flows In From The North. Olympia Is Bounded On The W. By The Cladeus, On The S. By ...
Olympic Games
Olympic Games (see Athletic Sports, Stadium, And Games, Classical). The Modern Revival Of The Olympic Games Is Due To A Frenchman, Baron Pierre De Coubertin, Who On Jan. 15, 1894, Addressed A Circular To All The Governing Bodies Of Sport In Which He Pointed Out The Educational Value Of Sport ...
Olympiodorus
Olympiodorus, The Name Of Several Greek Authors, Of Whom The Chief Are: (i) An Historical Writer (5th Century A.d.), Born At Thebes In Egypt, Who Was Sent On A Mission To Attila By The Emperor Honorius In 412, And Later Lived At The Court Of Theo Dosius. He Was The ...
Olynthus
Olynthus, An Ancient City At The Head Of The Gulf Of Torone, In Chalcidice, Near The Neck Of The Peninsula Of Pallene, About 6o Stadia (7 Or 8 M.) From Potidaea. It May Have Been A Colony Of Chalcis, And Struck Coins Early, But The District Be Longed To A ...
Omaha
Omaha, The Largest City Of Nebraska, U.s.a., A Port Of Entry, And The County Seat Of Douglas County; On The West Bank Of The Missouri River, 50o M. W. By S. Of Chicago. It Is On Federal High Ways 3o (the Lincoln), 38, And 75; Is The Central Station On ...
Oman
Oman, A Nominally Independent State In South-eastern Arabia, Extending From Ras Musandam, On The Gulf Of Oman, To The Eastern Limits Of Hadhramaut At Ras Sajar (lat. I6° 8" N.) On The Indian Ocean. Inland The State Is Bounded By The Great Desert Of Arabia. The Population Is Given As ...
Omar Khayyam Ghiyathuddin Abulfath
'omar Khayyam [ghiyathuddin Abulfath 'omar Bin Ibrahim Al-khayyami], The Great Persian Mathematician, Astronomer, Free Thinker And Epigrammatist, Who Derived The Epithet Khayyam (the Tentmaker) Most Likely From His Father's Trade, Was Born In Or Near Nishapar, Where He Is Said To Have Died In A.h. 517 (a.d. 1123). His Standard ...
Omdurman
Omdurman, A Town Of The Anglo-egyptian Sudan, Oppo Site Khartum On The West Bank Of The Nile And Immediately North Of The Junction Of The White And Blue Niles. Pop. (1926 Census) 78,624 Europeans. The Town Cov Ers A Large Area, Being Over 5 M. Long And 2 Broad. It ...
Omichund
Omichund (d. 1767), An Indian Whose Name Is Indelibly Associated With The Treaty Negotiated By Clive Before The Battle Of Plassey In 1757. His Real Name Was Amir Chand; And He Was Not A Bengali, As Stated By Macaulay, But A Sikh From The Punjab. It Is Impossible Now To ...
Omnibus
Omnibus. A Term Often Shortened To " 'bus," Signifying A Public Passenger-carrying Vehicle Of Large Seating Capacity. It Has Become Synonymous In Popular Use With The Word "motorbus." Horse Drawn And Steam Driven Omnibuses Have Been Superseded By Motor Propelled Omnibuses. In Several Particulars An Omnibus Must Conform With Regula ...
Omsk
Omsk, A Town In The Siberian Area Of Asiatic Russia, In Lat, 55° N., Long. 38' E., On The Right Bank Of The Irtysh, Where The Om Joins It. It Is In The Midst Of A Treeless Steppe; Violent Winds Bring Snow, Often To A Depth Of 6 Ft., In ...
Onagraceae
Onagraceae, In Botany, A Family Of Dicotyledons Belong Ing To The Order Myrtiflorae, To Which Belongs Also The Myrtle Family, Myrtaceae. It Contains About 4o Genera And 500 Species, And Occurs Chiefly In The Temperate Zone Of The New World, Especially On The Pacific Side. It Is Represented In Britain ...
Onega
Onega (on'e-gah), The Largest Lake In Europe Next To Ladoga, Area, 3,764 Sq.m. And Coast Line 870 M. In Length. It Lies Mostly In The Karelian A.s.s.r., Though Its Southern Portion Is In The Province Of Leningrad. The Lake Basin Extends North-west And South-east, The Direction Characteristic Of The Lakes ...
Oneida Community
Oneida Community, An American Communistic Soci Ety At Oneida, New York. It Was Founded At Putney, Vt., In 1842, By John Humphrey Noyes (1811-86), A Graduate Of Dartmouth College. "converted" At A Revival, He Entered Yale Theological Seminary. Bible Studies Convinced Him That Christ Came A Second Time In 7o ...
Oneill
O'neill, The Name Of An Irish Family Descended From Niall, King Of Ireland In The 5th Century, And Known As Niall Of The Nine Hostages. He Is Said To Have Made War Against Rulers In Ireland, Britain And Gaul, Stories Of His Exploits Being Related In The Book Of Leinster ...
Onion
Onion, Allium Ceps (family Liliaceae), A Hardy Bulbous Biennial, Which Has Been Cultivated From Time Immemorial. It Is One Of The Earliest Of Cultivated Plants; It Is Represented On Egyptian Monuments, And One Variety Cultivated In Egypt Was Accorded Divine Honours. It Is Commonly Cultivated In India, China And Japan. ...
Ontario
Ontario, A Province Of Canada, Having The Province Of Quebec To The East, The States Of New York, Ohio, Michigan, Wis Consin, And Minnesota To The South, Manitoba To The West, And Part Of Hudson Bay With James Bay To The North. In Most Cases The Actual Boundary Consists Of ...
Ontology
Ontology, The Name Given To That Branch Of Philosophy Which Deals Specially With The Nature Of Being, I.e., Reality In The Abstract. The Idea, Denoted In Modern Philosophy By The Term "ontology" In Contrast To The Broader "metaphysics" And The Cor Relative "epistemology," Goes Back To Such Phrases As 6vrcosorra, ...
Onychophora
Onychophora, A Small But Unusually Interesting Group Of Animals Of The Phylum Arthropoda (q.v.), Differing In So Many Important Respects From All Other Arthropoda That A Special Class Has Been Created For Them. The Class Prototracheata Or Onychoph Ora, Containing Only About 5o Species, Is Equivalent In Rank To The ...
Opal
Opal, A Mineral, In Chemical Composition An Amorphous Hy Drated Silica, Some Forms Of Which Are Highly Prized As Gems. Many Varieties Of Opal (lat. Opallus, Gr. 67r6,xxcov), Are Recognised But Of These Few Have Any Value As Gem Stones. The Most Beau Tiful Is Precious Opal Which Displays A ...
Opera
Opera, A Drama Set To Music, As Distinguished From Plays In Which Music Is Merely Incidental. The Spark Of Monteverdi's Genius That The Next Step Necessary For The Progress Of Opera Was A Development Of Forms, Not Only Non-dramatic But Anti-dramatic. The Types Of Monody Conceivable By The Pioneers Of ...
Ophir
Ophir, An Unidentified Region Famous In Old Testament Times For Its Fine Gold. Solomon's Tyrian Sailors Brought Its Gold For That Monarch. The Geographical List Of Genesis X. Associates It With Sheba And Havilah, The Latter Also Being A Recognized Gold Bearing Region (gen. Ii. 1). Solomon's Ships Set Forth ...
Ophthalmology
Ophthalmology (see Eye, Anatomy Of; Eye, Dis Eases Of). The Science Of Ophthalmology Deals With The Processes By Means Of Which The Images Of External Objects Are Brought To Our Consciousness. It Is Therefore Concerned With: (a) The Eye Itself ; (b) The Nerve Paths And Tracts Which Convey Visual ...