Rumania.-Order of St. Michael The Brave, instituted in 1916, solely for service in the field.
Portugal.-Victory Medal and Medalha commemorativa das campanhas do Exercito Portugues (to which were added clasps) were issued for the general campaign.
Germany.-Several medals were issued in Germany of which the following are the most important : (a) a silver medal was struck for the March on Paris. On the obverse is the bust of Gen. von Kluck and "1914-1915"; reverse, a naked fury on horse back carrying two blazing torches and "Nach Paris. 1914"; (b) a bronze medal was struck for the anticipated German entry into Paris. Obverse the Arc de Triomphe ; among rays spreading from the top "1871-1914"; in the background the Eiffel Tower, and inscribed round the whole, "Entry of the German Troops into Paris." Reverse, the 1914 Iron Cross and "Nach aussen ent schlossen. Nach innen geschlossen" (Resolute in the face of the enemy, united on the home front). An attempt was made to suppress it when the German hopes were not realized, but a few specimens are in existence, one being in the British Museum; (c) the Failure Before Paris is commemorated by a cast-iron medal. Von Kluck's bust with "1914-1915" on the obverse, with an eagle perched on a gun-emplacement, gazing at distant "Paris" on the reverse; (d) the new Triple Alliance is commemorated by a bronze medal, bearing on the obverse the busts of Kaiser Wil helm II., Kaiser Franz Josef and the sultan of Turkey, and the inscription "Glory to God alone." Reverse, eagle perched on an oak branch, with the inscription "Brotherhood in arms, 1915, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey"; (e) Russian defeat at Tan nenberg : medal cast in iron and bronze. Obverse, bust of Hin denburg; reverse, "Tannenberg—Ortelsburg 1914" and "Queller of the Russians, liberator of East Prussia"; (f) the battle of the Falkland isles, Dec. 8, 1914, is commemorated by a bronze
medal; (g) the Submarine War medal is cast in bronze. Obverse, bust of Admiral von Tirpitz. Reverse, Neptune with trident, seated on conning-tower of a submarine, shaking his fist at the distance where are two British sailing ships, one sinking ; in middle distance, another submarine, inscription, "Gott strafe England, 18 Februar, 1915"; (h) the sinking of the "Lusitania." Obverse, ticket office of the Cunard company in New York, with Death issuing tickets to a crowd of passengers, motto "Business First." Reverse, the Lusitania (showing guns, aeroplanes, etc., on board) sinking. Inscription, "No contraband" and "The liner Lusitania sunk by a German Submarine, May 5, 1915." The liner was sunk on May 7 not May 5. "The authenticity of this medal has some times been denied, but the fact that it was issued has been frequently admitted by responsible German authorities as well as by the artist (K. Goetz) himself" (vide Historical Medals in the British Museum) ; (i) the Zeppelin attack on London on the night Aug. 17-18, 1915, was commemorated by a medal cast in iron; (j) the failure of the Allies Dardanelles Expedition was commemorated by a satirical medal in bronze. (T. J. E.) warrants, general orders and Army orders, dealing specifically with medals and decorations. A Guide to the Exhibition of Historical Medals in the British Museum (1924), fully illustrated; J. H. Mayo, Medals and Decorations of the British Army and Navy (up to 1895), a most authoritative work ; T. Dorling, Ribbons and Medals, a useful handbook relating to all countries.