The colleges consist of a head, whose title varies in different colleges, fellows (who form the governing body) and scholars. To these are to be added the commoners, i.e., those who either re ceive no emoluments, or hold exhibitions which do not (generally) entitle them to rank with the scholars. The college officer who is immediately concerned with the disciplinary surveillance of members of the college in statu pupillari is the dean (except at Christ Church). Each undergraduate (this term covering all who have not yet proceeded to a degree) is, as regards his studies, under the immediate supervision of one of the fellows as tutor. The examinations for the B.A. are as follows: (a) Responsions, always now passed before entrance ; exemption is granted to all candidates who have taken the school's leaving certificate. (See EXAMINATIONS.) (b) Honours or pass moderations, the latter often takes the form of a diploma in a special subject. (c) Final schools (in the case of literae humaniores, called familiarly "Greats," and now applied to other honours schools), with pass schools for ordinary students. Arrangements exist whereby mem
bers of the universities of Cambridge or Dublin may be "in corporated" as members of Oxford university; and whereby the period of necessary academical residence at Oxford university is reduced in the case of students from "affiliated" colleges within the United Kingdom. Special provisions are also made in the case of students from any foreign university and from certain colonial and Indian universities.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.-0Xford University Calendar (annual) ; Oxford Historical Register; Oxford Historical Society publications; "College History" series; Anthony it Wood (q.v.) (for earlier history) ; H. Rashdall, Mediaeval Universities (2 vols.) ; Sir C. Mallet, History of the University of Oxford (3 vols.) ; Oxford and Oxford Life, by J. Wells; Marquess Curzon, Principles and Methods of University Reform (1909) ; Report of Royal Commission (1922). (C. BR.; J. Ws.)