Early in 1727 Newton whose health had been failing for some time was taken seriously ill; he died of stone on March 20, 1727, and was buried in Westminster Abbey on March 28th. There are portraits of him by Kneller and Thornhill in the possession of Lord Portsmouth and a second one by Kneller at Petworth. The Royal Society possesses three, one of which by Jervas was pre sented by Newton in 1617 and hangs over the president's chair, while at Trinity College there are a number. The statue by Roubillac was given to the College in 1750 by the Master, Dr. Smith.
Bn3LioGRAPHY.—Bibtiography of the Works of Sir Isaac Newton, with a List of Books illustrating his Works and Notes, by G. J. Gray (second edition 1907) ; Isaac Newton, 1642-1727 (bibl.) a collected edition of Newton's work was published at Lausanne and Geneva in 1744, which gives all the published works with the not unimportant exceptions of the Arithmetica Universalis, the Principia, the Optics and the Methodus Fluxionum. The fullest edition yet published is that issued by Samuel Horsley in 1779-85, under the title Opera quae exstant omnia.; it is not complete, among notable omissions being the papers published in the Philosophical Transactions, and is moreover very scarce.
The standard biography is Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Dis coveries of Sir Isaac Newton, by Sir David Brewster, 1855: it was reprinted in 186o. Brewster also wrote a short Life of Sir Isaac New ton, 1831, of which a new edition appeared in 5908. Valuable critical commentaries are to be found in Essays on the Life and Works of Newton, by Augustus de Morgan, edited with notes and appendices by P. E. B. Jourdain in 1914. A brief account of Newton's life and works is given in Sir Isaac Newton, by S. Brodetsky, 1927. Of great value to students of Newton is the Catalogue of the Portsmouth Col lection of Books and Papers written by or belonging to Sir Isaac New ton, 1888 which describes the great mass of Newton's papers which came at his death into the hands of Mr. Conduitt. S. P. Rigaud, Cor respondence of Scientific Men of the 17th Century, etc., from the Origi
nals in the Collection of the Earl of Macclesfield, 1841, J. Edleston, Editor of the second edition of the Principia, Correspondence of Sir Isaac Newton and Professor Cotes, including letters of other Eminent Men, 1850, contain many Newton letters, and the letter volume includes a synoptical view of Newton's life. Among general commen taries must be mentioned:— H. Pemberton, A View of Sir Isaac New ton's Philosophy, 1728; Cohn Maclaurin, Sir Isaac Newton's Philosoph ical Discoveries, 1775; and F. Rosenberger, Isaac Newton and seine Physikalische Principien, 1895.
Since the first issue in 1687 there have been many editions of the Principia, including two in Newton's lifetime. The Geneva reprint of 1739-42 contains a voluminous commentary by le Seur and Sacquier, and was long used. Lord Kelvin and H. Blackburn edited a very good edition, published at Glasgow in 1874. The first three sections of Book I. of the Principia have been edited by, among others, J. Carr, 1821; J. H. Evans, 1838; G. L. Cooke, 1850; P. Frost, 1883 (fourth edition). An English translation of the Principia was first published by Andrew Motte in 1729 ; the best edition is that of 5803. S. P. Rigaud, Historical Essay on the First Publication of Sir Isaac Newton's Principia, 1838; W. W. R. Ball, Essay on Newton's Principia, 1893 ; J. W. L. Glaisher, Bi-Centenary of Newton's Principia, 1888; P. G. Tait, Newton's Laws of Motion, 1899; Isaac Newton, 1642-1727, A Memorial Volume edited for the Mathematical Association by W. J. Greenstreet (1927) ; Sir Isaac Newton, 1727-1927, A Bicentenary Evaluation of His Work (1928). The Opticks, first published in 1704, went through three edi tions in Newton's lifetime; the last (fourth) edition appeared in 1730. Of great importance for the controversy with Leibnitz is the report drawn up by order of the Royal Society, published under the title Commercium Epistolicum, 1712, of which editions appeared in 1722 and 1725. (R. T. GL.)