South Africa.—With a white population of less than a million and a half divided between the British and the Dutch, the Union of South Africa makes a good show in the matter of the press. The more important newspapers are in the English language. They include The Cape Times, The Cape Argus and The Johan nesburg Star, which are first-class papers. Newspapers are some times printed in the dual languages. In Bloemfontein and Pre toria there are one Dutch and one English paper ; in Durban, two morning newspapers in English. Johannesburg has fewer news papers than one would expect from a city of its population and commercial importance : there is only one morning and one eve ning newspaper in English.
Newspapers in South Africa are divided into associated groups, and there are also combinations of news agencies, advertising and distributing agencies, all of which tends to handicap enterprise and limit the number of newspapers. The leading Dutch papers are Die Burger and Ons Land of Cape Town, and the Volkstem of Pretoria.
India.—Up to the removal (see PRESS LAWS) of the rigid newspaper licensing system in British India in 1835 under the inspiration of Macaulay there were very few British or vernacular newspapers. At the Mutiny in 1857 the restrictions were partly
restored, and though the Indian press has grown tremendously in volume it is still subject to severe Government regulations. Apart from obscure native sheets there are about zoo news papers and periodicals published in British India. The part played by English newspapers in India cannot be measured by the copies which they sell. In Calcutta, with a population of nearly 1,500,00o, is published the oldest newspaper in India, The Englishman (1821), and also the most popular, The Statesman. The Times of India (Bombay), The Madras Mail, The Pioneer of Allahabad, The Civil and Military Gazette of Lahore, are the best-known papers and organs of opinion. There is quite a num ber of official journals in India. The vernacular papers are grow ing in number and in influence, and some of the Nationalist organs are published in English—as, for instance, the Amrita Bazar Patrika of Calcutta. Some papers are published in two languages, in English and vernacular.