PFLANZER-BALTIN, KARL, FREIHERR VON (1855 1925), Austro-Hungarian general, was born at Pecs in Hungary in 1855. On the outbreak of the World War he was charged with the defence of Transylvania, but when the Russians crossed the Carpathians, Pflanzer-Baltin, with an improvised division threw himself on this enemy. After fighting with varying suc cess in the southern part of Eastern Galicia and in the Bukovina. the VII. Army under his command was driven back by Brussi lov's offensive in June 1916, whereupon he was relieved of his command. In the summer of 1918, entrusted with the command on the Albanian front which was yielding before the attack of the Entente army, Pflanzer-Baltin won back, after a brief and powerful attack, the old positions southwards of Fjeri and Berat. PFLEIDERER, OTTO (1839-1908), German Protestant theologian, was born at Stetten near Cannstadt in WUrttemberg on Sept.1,1839. From 1857 to 1861 he studied at Tiibingen under F. C. Baur; and afterwards in England and Scotland. He then entered the ministry, became repetent at Tubingen, and for a short time held a pastorate at Heilbronn (1868). In 1870 he became chief pastor and superintendent at Jena and soon afterwards professor ordinarius of theology, but in 1875 he was called to the chair of systematic theology at Berlin, having made his name by his Der Paulinismus, published in 1873 (2nd ed., 1890; Eng. trans., Paul
inism, 2 vols., 1873, etc.). Other important works are: Das Ur christenturn, seine Schrif ten und Lehren, in geschichtlichem Zu sammenhang beschrieben (1878; enl. ed. 1902 ; Eng. trans. 1906) ; The Development of Theology since Kant, and its Progress in Great Britain since 1825 (1890), written for publication in Eng land; Religionsphilosophie auf geschichtlic/cen Grundlage (1878; Eng. trans., The Philosophy of Religion on the Basis of its History, 1886-1888). Die Entstehung des Christentums (i9o5; Eng. trans., 1906) ; Religion und Religionen (1906; Eng. trans., 1907) ; and Die Entwicklung des Christentums (1907). Pfleiderer was Hibbert lecturer in London in 1885, and Gifford lecturer at Edin burgh in 1894. He died on July 18, 1908. In New Testament criticism Pfleiderer belonged to the school of F. C. Baur, but showed a greater disposition to compromise than the early Baur school.