PARIS SINCE THE REVOLUTION The Revolution brought about the unification of Paris, in which traces of the old feudal domains had survived until that time. It set the seal on the age-long tendency towards centralization in France, and thus increased the importance of the capital. The days of Oct. 5 and 6, 1789, brought the king back to the Tuileries and thus put an end to the duality between Versailles and Paris. The Assembly followed the king, and set up in the riding school close by, near the present rue de Rivoli. The Jacobin club had its headquarters not far off in an old convent of the order of that name, while the Cordeliers' club occupied another convent in what is now the rue de Ftcole-de-Medecine. After the storming of the Tuileries by the populace on Aug. io, 1792, the royal family was imprisoned in the Temple. Louis XVI. was guillotined on the place de la Revolution (place de la Concorde) on Jan. 21, 1793. The Terror prevailed until it was ended by the 9th Thermidor (July 27, 1794). The love of amusement then began to revive ; the boulevard des Italiens began to be a haunt of the fashionable world, and continued to be so until the reign of Napoleon III. The boulevard du Temple on the other hand, where most of the small theatres were situated, was the resort of the populace.
The consulate was now established, and Bonaparte, as first consul, took up his residence in the Tuileries. This was the reason for the construction of the rue de Rivoli with its arcades 0800. In 1806 Napoleon ordered the triumphal arches of the Carrousel and of the Etoile to be set up; the latter was not completed until 1836. The fountain of the Chatelet, surmounted by a triumphal column, dates from 1806, and the VenclOme column was inaugu rated on Aug. 15, 181o. The Madeleine was completed to serve as a temple to Glory. The neo-classical style began to give Paris an antique aspect; the city became, so to speak, the imperial Rome of a new Caesar. The Bourse was constructed in the style of a temple (1808-26). At the same time, however, the first iron bridges were constructed—the Ponts des Arts and d'Austerlitz. The Pont d'Iena was also built in the time of Napoleon I., who likewise brought the water of the Ourcq to Paris and constructed the canal of the same name. The first public slaughter houses were established. Large cemeteries were laid out beyond the boun daries of the town. The Halle aux Vins, which dates from the time of Louis XIV., received approximately its present form. The first French industrial exhibitions were organized at Paris in 1801.
Machinery and other new processes and products now began to come into use. Large-scale industries began to grow up under the Restoration; the earliest social effects of this development made themselves felt in the reign of Louis-Philippe, and may explain the Revolution of 1848. Economic centralization began to take place. Paris received its first railway in 1837; it ran to le Pecq, near Saint-Germain. The use of gas for lighting purposes be gan under the Restoration. At this period and under Louis-Philippe there was a great deal of building on the outskirts of Paris—the districts of Francois ler (1823) and Beaujon (1825-42), that of l'Europe (1826-47) and that of Notre-Dame-de-Lorette came into existence. This was the time when covered passages, the first of which was that of the Panoramas (I800), were in fashion. Many bridges were built : the Ponts des Invalides, du Carrousel, d'Arcole, de l'Archeveche, Louis-Philippe and de Bercy. Omni buses began to run in 1828. In 1840 fortifications were construct ed beyond the octroi wall of the fermiers generaux, though the latter continued to form the limit of the town. A column corn
memorating the Revolution of 1830 was set up in the place de la Bastille, and in 1836 the Luxor obelisk was erected in the place de la Concorde.
Paris had in many respects retained the characteristics of a mediaeval city. It was Napoleon III. who, with the help of Haussmann, the prefect of the Seine, really made it into a modern town. He was the creator of Paris as it exists to-day. The rail way stations, which were now the real gates of the city, were provided with the main streets necessary to give access to them. These included the boulevard de Strasbourg and the rues de Rennes, Auber and de Lyon. A new intersection of routes was created between the boulevards de Strasbourg, Sebastopol, du Palais and Saint-Michel and the rue de Rivoli. The Halles Cen trales were constructed and provided with the necessary means of access. The great cross-roads of the place de la Republique were created. The Opera became another great meeting-place of roads. The Etoile, with its great system of radiating main roads, was laid out, and a corresponding system of radiating roads, starting from the place de la Nation, was planned at the other end of Paris. The Louvre was completed. The houses of the Cite gave place to public buildings. Wide streets were cut through the town on the left bank of the river. The population was provided with open spaces in the fOrm of the Bois de Boulogne and the Bois de Vincennes and the Parcs des Buttes-Chaumont, de Montsouris and Monceau. Many squares were laid out on the English model. An immense system of sewers was created. The water of the Dhuys and the Vanne was brought to Paris. The Ponts National, de Solferino and de l'Alma and the viaduct of Auteuil were con structed. New parish churches were built, including those of la Trinite, Saint-Augustin and Sainte-Clotilde. Paris entered on a period of great brilliance. Universal exhibitions were held in 1855 and 1867. The town spread up to the fortifications (1860) and the old octroi wall was replaced by the outer boulevards.
The Tuileries palace was burned in the Commune which fol lowed on the war of 1870-1871. The third republic carried on the work of Napoleon III., directing its attention mainly to the quarters added to the town in 1860. Further universal exhibitions were held in 1878, 1889 and 1900, and these were the occasion for the building of the Trocadero, the Eiffel tower and the Grand and Petit Palais des Champs-Elysées. The church of the Sacre Coeur was erected in Montmartre. The Metropolitain railway was constructed. Conditions of life have been radically altered by various modern inventions. Paris has no rival in France as a centre of material and intellectual interests. Commercial estab lishments have now taken the place of dwelling houses in the centre of the city, and the population has moved farther out, thus greatly increasing the extent of the suburbs. The upper part of the Champs-Elysées is now, like the great boulevards, given over to commerce. The World War transformed Paris into a great industrial centre. The town itself cannot now be distin guished from its suburbs, which have spread disproportionately. The fortifications of 1840 have been demolished. The aerodrome of Le Bourget will be the great terminus of the future. The port of Paris continually grows larger. In the town itself, the great development of motor transport is giving rise to difficult traffic problems. Although only half a century has passed since Hauss mann's time, a fresh transformation of Paris is already becom ing necessary. (For particulars of the Paris Grand Opera see