PARTHIA).
5. The Arians ('ApEl.oc, Pers. Haraiva), in the vicinity of the river Arius (Heri-rud), which derived its name from them. This name, which survives in the modern Herat, has of course no con nection with that of the Aryans.
6. The Drangians (Zaranka in Darius, Sarangians in Herod. ii. 93, 117, vii. 67), situated south of the Arians, in the north-west of Afghanistan (Arachosia) by the western affluents of Lake Hamun, and extending to the present Seistan.
7. Arachotians (Pers. Harauvati), in the district of the Hel mand and its tributaries round Kandahar. They are mentioned in the lists of Darius and by the Greeks after Alexander. In Herod otus their place is taken by the Pactyans, whose name survives to the present day in the word Pushtu, with which the Afghans denote their language (Herod. iii. 102, iv. 44, vii. 67, 85). Prob ably it was the old tribal name, Arachosia being the local desig nation. The Thamanaeans, who appear in Herodotus (iii. 93, 117), must be classed with them.
8. The Bactrians (Pers. Bcikhtri), on the northern declivity of the Hindu Kush, as far as the Oxus. Their capital was Bactra, the modern Balkh (see BACTRIA).
9. The Sogdians (Pers. Sugudu), in the mountainous district between the Oxus and Iaxartes.
10. The Chorasmians (Khwarizmians, Pers. Uvarazmiya) in the great oasis of Khiva, which still bears the name Khwarizm. They stretched far into the midst of the nomadic tribes.
II. The Margians (Pers. Margu), on the river Margus (Murg hab) ; chiefly inhabiting the oasis of Merv, which has preserved their name. Darius mentions the district of Margu but, like Herodotus, omits them from his list of peoples ; so that ethno graphically they are perhaps to be assigned to the Arians.
12. The Sagartians (Pers. Asagarta) ; according to Herodotus . (vii. 85), a nomadic tribe of horsemen; speaking, as he expressly declares, the Persian language. Hence he describes them (i. 125) as a subordinate nomad clan of the Persians. They, with the Drangians, Utians and Myci, formed a single satrapy (Herod. iii. 93). Ptolemy (vi. 2, 6) speaks of Sagartians in the Eastern Zag ros in Media.
13. We have already touched on the nomadic peoples (Dana, Dahans) of Iranian nationality, who occupied the steppes of Turkestan as far as the Sarmatians and Scythians of South Russia (about 7o0 B.C.). That these were conscious of their Aryan origin is proved by the names Ariantas and Ariapeithes borne by Scy thian (Scolot) kings (Herod. iv. 76, 87). Still they were never counted as a portion of Iran or the Iranians. To the settled peasantry, these nomads of the steppe were always "the enemy" (dana, daha, Dahae). Side by side with this name we find "Thrall" and "Turanian"; a designation applied both by the later Persians and by modern writers to this region. The origin of the word is obscure, derived perhaps from an obsolete tribal name. It has no connection whatever with the much later "Turks," who penetrated thither in the 6th century after Christ. Though found neither in the inscriptions of Darius nor in the Greek authors, the name Turan must nevertheless be of great an tiquity; for not merely is it repeatedly found in the Avesta, under the form Tura, but it occurs already in a hymn, which, without doubt, originates from Zoroaster himself, and in which "the Turanian Fryana" and his descendants are commemorated as faithful adherents of the prophet (Yasna, 46, 62).
The dividing line between Iranian and Indian is drawn by the Hindu Kush and the Soliman mountains of the Indus district. The valley of the Kabul (Cophen) is already occupied by Indian tribes, especially the Gandarians; and the Satagydae (Pers. Thatagu) there resident were presumably also of Indian stock. The non-Aryan population of Iran itself has been discussed above. Of its other neighbours, we must here mention the Sacae, a warlike equestrian people in the mountains of the Pamir plateau and northward, who are probably also of Aryan origin. Herod otus relates that the Persians distinguished "all the Scythians" i.e., all the northern nomads—as Sacae; and this statement is con firmed by the inscriptions of Darius. The Babylonians employ the name Gimiri (i.e., Cimmerians) in the same sense.