PELOPIDAS (d. 364 B.c.), Theban statesman and general. In 385 B.C. he served in a Theban contingent sent to the support of the Spartans at Mantineia, where he was saved, when danger ously wounded, by Epameinondas (q.v.). Upon the seizure of the Theban citadel by the Spartans (383 or 382) he fled to Athens, and took the lead in a conspiracy to liberate Thebes. In 379 his party surprised and killed their chief political opponents, and roused the people against the Spartan garrison, which surrendered to an army gathered by Pelopidas. In this and subsequent years he was elected boeotarch, and about 375 he routed a much larger Spartan force at Tegyra (near Orchomenus). This victory he owed mainly to the valour of the Sacred Band, a picked body of 30o infantry. At the battle of Leuctra (371) he contributed greatly to the success of Epameinondas's new tactics by the rapidity with which he made the Sacred Band close with the Spartans. In 37o he accompanied his friend Epameinondas as boeotarch into Peloponnesus. On their return both generals were unsuccessfully accused of having retained their command beyond the legal term. In 369, in response to a petition of the Thessa lians, Pelopidas was sent with an army against Alexander, tyrant of Pherae. After driving Alexander out, he passed into Macedonia
and arbitrated between two claimants to the throne. In order to ' secure the influence of Thebes. he brought home hostages. includ ing the king's brother, afterwards Philip II., the conqueror of Greece. Next year Pelopidas was again called upon to interfere in Macedonia, but, being deserted by his mercenaries, was corn pelled to make an agreement with Ptolemaeus of Alorus. On his return through Thessaly he was seized by Alexander of Pherae, and two expeditions from Thebes were needed to secure his release. In 367 Pelopidas went on an embassy to the Persian king and induced him to prescribe a settlement of Greece according to the wishes of the Thebans. In 364 he received another appeal from the Thessalian towns against Alexander of Pherae. Though an eclipse of the sun prevented his bringing with him more than a handful of troops, he overthrew the tyrant's far superior force on the ridge of Cynoscephalae but wishing to slay Alexander with his own hand, he was cut down by the tyrant's guards.
Plutarch and Nepos, Pelopidas; Diodorus xv. 62-81 ; Xenophon, Hellenica, vii. I. See also TUEBES.