1933, the leading manufactures, with the value of each, were : steel-works and rolling mill products, $366,528,844; petro leum refining, $165,516,330; printing and publishing, $141,704, 445; knit goods, $133,766,474; clothing, $123,817,786; silk and rayon goods, $109,924,523; bread and other bakery products,
foundry and machine shop products,
steam railroad repair shops, $76,436,100; blast furnace prod ucts, $73,338,508; meat packing (wholesale), $63,708,767; elec trical machinery and apparatus, $62,633,901; liquors (malt and distilled), $61,395,500; sugar cane refining, $54,514,918; cigars, $49,460,978; paper, $46,244,666; glass, $43,542,097; leather,
Philadelphia is the great manufacturing centre in the State. Within its limits there were, in 1925, 5,636 factories, employing 246,68o persons, which produced 28% ($1,937,414,000) of the State's manufactured articles. Of the total State output, the city produced in 1923 all the cane sugar refined, 82% of the woollen carpets, more than 75% of the clothing, more than 63% of the cotton goods and more than 6o% of the printing and publishing. The relative importance of Pittsburgh as a manufac turing centre has declined because of the growth of numerous other steel centres. In 1925 it produced only 10.6% of the State's output of steel and iron. Cities in the western part of the State, such as New Castle, are nearer to the supply of iron-ore from the Great Lakes; while cities in the eastern part of the State, such as Bethlehem, are importing iron-ore from South America. After Philadelphia and Pittsburgh the more important manufacturing cities are Reading, Allentown, Johnstown, Erie, Chester, New Castle, York, Scranton, Altoona and Williamsport.
Except on some portions of the Pocono plateau, Pennsylvania was originally well forested, and although most of the merchantable timber has been cut, about one-half of the State is still woodland. On the higher elevations the trees are mostly white pine, yellow pine and hemlock, but in the valleys and lower levels are oaks, hickories, maples, elms, birches, etc. State forest reserves in 1927 amounted to 1,134,444 ac. while those of the nation lying in the State covered 381,862 ac.
The mountain topography of the State made the building of roads and railways expensive and difficult, but at the same time made them more necessary. Since 1911, when the modern period of State highway construc tion began, the State has built a system unequalled by any other Appalachian State. The State highways, totalling 12,974 m. in 1934, form a primary or trunk system connecting the county seats and all important centres of population. Of this system 12,010 m. are surfaced, more than half being paved with concrete or asphalt. Besides the State system there are rural roads which in 1930 totalled 90,867 m. (27,081 m. surfaced). Licenced motor vehicles increased from 160,137 in 1915 to 1,554,917 in 1925 and to 1,681,202 in 1934.
railways covering the State is an im portant factor in the great industrial importance of Pennsylvania. The steam railway mileage increased from 8,453 in 1890 to 11.693 in 1915, after which it declined slightly to 11,068 in 1933. Operat ing electric railway mileage in 1932 was 2,963 m.
The State has one port of entry on the Atlantic coast, one on the Ohio river, and one on the Great Lakes. Philadelphia, the
Atlantic port, exports chiefly petroleum, coal, grain and flour, and imports chiefly iron-ore, sugar, drugs and chemicals, manufactured iron, hemp, jute and flax. In 1933 it ranked second among the Atlantic ports in the tonnage of its foreign commerce, exports 1,241,189 and imports 3,065,642. Pittsburgh ranks high among the interior ports of the country. Erie on Lake Erie has a large domestic trade in iron-ore, copper, wheat and flour.
The whole country along the Delaware river before its settlement was disputed between the English, Dutch and Swedes. Both the English and Dutch had traded along the river and had established temporary posts in what is now Pennsylvania, but the Swedes were the first to effect a permanent settlement, their settlements being a continuation of those in Delaware. In 1643, John Printz, governor of New Swe den, built a fort on Tinicum island (near Chester) which he called New Gottenberg, and soon a considerable community was estab lished at Upland (renamed Chester by Penn). In 1655 the Swedish settlements passed under the control of the Dutch who had captured Ft. Christina, the chief Swedish stronghold, in Dela ware. The Dutch were in turn dispossessed by the English who took over their colonies after the fall of New Amsterdam in 1664. Gov. Nicolls, the first English governor, put the "Dukes Law" into operation along the Delaware and established a court at Upland. The Swedish settlers remained and later formed a sturdy element in William Penn's colony.
William Penn (q.v.) as early as i666 became interested in a colony in America for Quakers suffering persecution under the "Clarenden Code." In 168o he petitioned Charles II. for a grant of land for the purpose, and the Crown, having become indebted to Penn's father, found it easier to pay with land in America than with money. Penn named his grant Pennsylvania (Penn's Woods) in his father's honour. The charter gave him almost unlimited power. He wrote his Frame of Gov ernment for the Colony and sent commissioners to lay out a "great town" in systematic manner, a city which he named Phila delphia (City of Brotherly Love). Having faith in the people he delegated to them more privileges and powers than the colonists possessed in any other Colony. Absolute religious freedom was the most important and, for the times, the most remarkable con cession. All Christians holding certain amounts of property were to be eligible voters and officeholders. The death penalty, in contrast to a long list of offences in other Colonies, was inflicted in Penn's Colony only for murder and treason. Philadelphia was laid out in an advantageous position fronting on both the Dela ware and Schuylkill rivers and growth and prosperity began im mediately. Soon after Penn's arrival in the Colony in 1682 an assembly, held at Upland, formally adopted Penn's plan of gov ernment. In 1683 Penn made his "Great Treaty" with the Indians, according to Voltaire "the only treaty not sworn to and never broken." Penn's fair methods of dealing with Indians and scrup ulous care always to pay them well for their land preserved Penn sylvania from Indian hostilities during his lifetime.