Philip's policy of building up a strong monarchy was pursued with a steadiness of aim which excluded both enthusiasm and scruple. He shrank from no trickery in carrying out his ends, and had no room for pity. He could not even trust his own son with any power, and was brutal in his relations with his queen, Ingeborg. As the result of his steadiness of aim and patient sagac ity, at the end of his reign the Crown was victorious over the feudal nobility and the royal domain extended to the frontiers along with royal authority. Artois, the Amienois, Valois, Ver mandois, the greater part of the Beauvaisis, Normandy, Maine, Anjou, Touraine, and an important part of Poitou and Saintonge, were added to the domain during his reign. The number of prevotes was increased from thirty-eight to ninety-four, and the royal revenue increased from 19,000 livres a month to 1,200 livres a day.
Philip Augustus died on July 14, 1223. He was thrice married. His first wife, Isabella, by whom he had one son, Louis, died in 1189 or 1190. After her death he married Ingibjorg or Ingeborg (q.v.), daughter of Valdemar I. of Denmark, whom he soon repudiated. In 1196, in defiance of the pope, he married Agnes,
daughter of Bertold IV., duke of Meran. This led to his excom munication and brought the interdict upon France, and did more to weaken him than any other act of his. In 1200 he was forced to put away Agnes and to recognize Ingeborg as his lawful wife, but he kept her in prison until 1213. By Agnes (d. I2oI) he had a son Philip, called "Hurepel," count of Clemont, and a daughter Mary, who married Philip, count of Namur (d. 1213), and then Henry II., duke of Brabant. Ingeborg lived until 1236.
See A. Luchaire in E. Lavisse's Histoire de France, tome iii. 83-284 (Paris, 1904) , and literature there indicated ; L. Deslisle, Catalogue des actes de Philippe Auguste (Paris, 1856 and 1900 ; A. Cartellieri, Philip II. August, Bd. I. Bis zum Tode Ludwigs VII. (Leipzig, 1899), Bd. II. Der Kreuzzug (1906) ; and W. H. Hutton, Philip Augustus (in the For eign Statesmen series, London, 1896). A. Molinier, Les Sources de l'his toire de France (tome iii. pp. 1-38), gives a complete bibliography of the sources for Philip's reign, including the history of the Third Crusade.