The oldest hospital was the Reineman (1893), for maternity cases, made the University maternity hospital (1893) and trans ferred to Magee hospital (I 91 0), the latter with the Children's, Eye and Ear and Presbyterian forming the new medical Centre of the University of Pittsburgh. Other hospitals are: Municipal (1878), Tuberculosis, Homeopathic, Montefiore, Passavant, Ro selia Maternity, Si. Johns, St. Josephs, St. Margaret Memorial, South Side, West Penn, Allegheny General, Columbia, in charge of United Presbyterian Women's Association, and the Sisters of Mercy, Mercy hospital, Sisters of St. Francis, St. Francis hos pital, and the Sisters of Charity, Pittsburgh hospital. The Western Pennsylvania schools for the deaf and for the blind, are located in Pittsburgh and many of the hospitals, schools, homes and chari table institutions, non-sectarian, are in part maintained by the State. The Y.M.C.A. had 12 branches and the Y.W.C.A. (metro politan) had six branches (1937), and there were over 55o churches, 33 all-year playgrounds, 19 public swimming pools, 59 parks and over 200 social and welfare agencies.
Industry and Commerce.—Pittsburgh is in the midst of the most productive coal-fields in the country; the region is also rich in petroleum and natural gas. The city is on one of the main lines of communication between the east and the west, is the centre of a vast railway system, and has freight yards in and outside the city with a total capacity for more than 6o,000 cars. Its harbour has a total length on the three rivers of 27.2m., and an average width of about i,000ft., and has been deepened by the construc tion (in 1877-85) of the Davis Island dam, by dredging, under a Federal project of 1899. This darn has been superseded by the Emsworth fixed dam. Slack water navigation has been secured on the Allegheny by locks and dams (1890, 1896 et seq.) at an ex pense up to July 1909 of $1,658,804; and up to that time $263,625 had been spent for open-channel work. By 1936 eight of nine projected dams had been fully completed. The Monon gahela from Pittsburgh to the West Virginia State line (91.5m.) was improved in 1836 et seq., by a private company which built seven locks and dams; this property was condemned and bought for $3,761,615 by the United States Government in 1897, and, under the project of 1899 for rebuilding three of the locks and enlarging another, and that of 1907 for a new lock and dam and for other improvements, $2,675,692 was spent up to July 1909. Since then six of these have been entirely rebuilt and changed to two chamber locks and eight more locks have extended the facili ties to Fairmont, 131 miles away. Coal is brought to the city from
the coal-fields by boats on the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers as well as by rail, and great fleets of barges carry coal and other heavy freight, such as steel rails, cotton ties, sheet iron, wire and nails, down the Ohio in the winter and spring. A ship canal to provide water communication between Pittsburgh and Lake Erie has been projected and is awaiting the approval of the army engineers. The railways have a heavy tonnage of coal, coke and iron and steel products, and a large portion of the iron ore that is produced in the Lake Superior region is brought to Pittsburgh. In 1935 the river traffic amounted to 23,516,474 tons valued at $143,496,906. Most of the exports, valued at $12,852,803, were carried on barges down the Ohio. Pittsburgh is also a port of entry; its 1935 imports amounting to $30,644,103.
According to the census of manufactures for 1933 the factories, 981 in number, situated within the city gave employment to workers, paid in wages the total sum of $33,956,062, and manufactured products valued at $193,085,112. The leading in dustries in order of the value of their products in 1929 were: Iron and steel, steel works and rolling mills, $95,668,772; bread and other bakery products, $36,278,153; foundry and machine-shop products, $34,941,603; printing and publishing, newspaper, peri odical, book and job, $33,309,161; slaughtering and meat-packing, $28,558,703; confectionery, $r 1,115599 ; bolts, nuts, washers and rivets, $9,754,206. Other manufactures included electrical ma chinery and supplies ; car shop, construction and repairs ; coffee and spice, roasting and grinding; ornamental iron work, brass, bronze and non-ferrous alloys; paints and varnishes; and planing mill products.
In finance Pittsburgh occupied seventh place in bank clearings with $5,245,717,898 in 1935 and (March 4, 1936) had national bank deposits $538,744,194, State bank deposits $107,637,845 and trust and savings deposits $439,819,739. In Pittsburgh or the immediate vicinity are the more important plants of the United States Steel corporation, including that of the Carnegie company, and the Jones and Laughlin Steel corporation, one of the largest independent steel companies in the United States. Here, too, are the plants of the Westinghouse company for the manufacture of electrical apparatus, of air-brakes invented by George Westing house (born 1846), and of devices for railway signals which he also invented. In the Allegheny district the H. J. Heinz company with its 57 varieties has its main food-preserving plant, the largest establishment of the kind in the country.