Not unworthy of mention are two successful magazines of the lighter kind, Godey's Lady's Book (183o) and Graham's (1841). Poe, Longfellow and Holmes wrote for the former, while Lowell, Hawthorne and Simms contributed to the latter. When the mid dle of the century was reached, and more especially after the Civil War, competition between publishing houses began in earnest. The position of the North American Review, the sole survivor of the early 19th century, was assailed on every side. Its most serious rivals were Harper's Magazine (185o), The Atlantic Monthly (1857), and some years later Scribner's Maga zine (1870), The Century (1881) and The Forum (1885).
The financial difficulties of the preceding generation were gradually overcome by the new processes in printing, by the great advance in the art of illustration, and by the increased facilities of transport, while the rapid development of advertising has also done a great deal to secure the commercial success of the periodical, unfortunately often to its detriment.
The outstanding feature of the loth century is the decline in popularity of the quarterlies with their long and heavy reviews, and the rise of the magazine with short well written essays, charming stories, and illustrations of artistic excellence. Among the many reviews devoted to literature it is difficult to select the best, but attention must be called to the American Mercury (1924), and to The Bookman (1895) a purely literary monthly of some years' standing. Foreign Affairs (1922) is a recent im portant periodical dealing with political questions for the most part outside the United States.
The Journal des Scavans in France, the first number of which appeared in January, 1665, is acknowledged to be the parent of modern periodical literature. The credit of having mooted the idea is due to Denys de Sallo, who at the time was regarded as a genius and inventor for having framed the scheme. Its intention and scope is given in the Encyclopedic methodique "il a etc invente pour le soulagement de ceux qui sont ou trop occupes ou trop paresseux pour lire les livres enders." One of its principal successors, the Nouvelles de la Republique des lettres (1684), though published at Amsterdam, was edited by Bayle who had retired to Holland, where, in spite of the com parative liberty of the press, nothing had as yet been issued resembling the Journal. A very few years after, the Memoires pour servir a l'histoire des sciences et des arts, known by the name of Journal de Trevoux (1701-67), was brought out under the auspices of the Jesuits. Their primary object was to defend
religion from attack, and it was probably for this reason that it incurred the displeasure of Voltaire. Its course ran so smoothly that for thirty years the printers of the little town of Trevoux were kept busy, until it became more convenient to transfer the headquarters of the Journal to Paris. Simultaneously the Spectator and Tatler were appearing in England, giving a new impulse to periodical literature. The French, characteristically averse from imitation, hesitated, and refused to follow the lines laid down by Addison and his companions. It was not till 1722 that Marivaux made his unsuccessful attempt to rival the English men by issuing his Spectateur francais (1722). The Spectateur suisse (1723), Le nouveau Spectateur (1758) and others came after but were of little value. Le Pour et le Contre (1723-4o) edited by the Abbe Prevost, and full of anecdote and miscellaneous information, had also some traits in common with the English reviews. Another periodical of high rank of the 18th century— Voltaire proclaimed it the chief journal—was the Journal encyclo pedique (1756-73) founded by P. Rousseau, who carried on his work for many years under the protection of the Count of Horion, minister of the prince bishop of Liege. When the latter died, Rousseau was compelled to transfer the Journal from Liege to Bouillon on account of the philosophical articles it contained, but permission was given him to establish his presses there.
Development of the periodical in France has not been quite so rapid as in England and elsewhere, though it has proceeded on similar lines. The cheapness of books has probably had a con siderable influence. What the French term "Journaux de lecture" or "de recreation," like the Gentleman's Magazine, made their appearance late in France, and have not met with the same re markable success as in England and America. The first genuine example may be said to be Le Journal pour tous (1855) an illus trated literary magazine which was much sought after. The periodicals of the specialist seem to have started a little earlier than in England; the first law journal (Journal du Palais), ap peared in 1672, the first medical journal (Nouvelles decouvertes dans toutes les parties de la medecine par Blegny) in 1679.