most adequate editions in English are by Ellicott (4th edition, 1864), J. H. Bernard (Cambridge Greek Testa ment, 1899), N. J. D. White (Expositor's Greek Testament, Iwo), R. S. J. Parry (Cambridge, 192o), and W. Lock (International Critical Commentary, 5924), though the expositions by A. E. Hillard (1919) and A. Plummer (Expositor's Bible, 1888) are also valuable for insight into the religious spirit of the epistles, as is the commentary by E. F. Brown (Westminster Commentaries, 1917) on the English text. All these represent the conservative position upon the authorship. In Ger man scholarship this position is best represented by B. Weiss (Meyer's Commentar, 7th edition, 5902) and Wohlenberg (Zahn's Commentar, third edition, 1923) ; otherwise the German editions of importance reflect the non-Pauline authorship, e.g., Holtzmann's Pastoralbriefe (188o), von Soden's (Handcommentar, 1891), and M. Dibelius' (in Lietzmann's Handbuch, 1913) , which are the outstanding editions. Schleiermacher's tract Ueber den sogenannten ersten Brief des Paulus an d. Tim. (1807) really started the critical movement, which Holtz mann stated fully ; later upholders are Renan (S. Paul pp. xxiiif., L'Eglise Chretienne ch. v.), Weizsaecker (Apostolic Age, ii. pp. 163f, 259f), McGiffert (Apostolic Age, pp. 398f, 4231), and P. N. Harrison (The Problem of the Pastoral Epistles, Oxford, 1921), which may be said to have settled the linguistic case against the Pauline authorship.
The opposite side is put by writers like Bertrand (L'Authenticite des epitres Pastorales, 1888), W.,E. Bowen (Dates of the Pastoral Epistles, 190o) , J. D. James (Genuineness and Authorship of the Pastoral Epistles, 1906) , and Zahn in his Einleitung in das Neue Testament (sections 33f). R. A. Falconer's article in the Dictionary of the Apos tolic Church (ii. pp. 583f) sums up the traditional position adequately, as opposed to the present writer's conclusions in the Encyclopaedia Bihlica (5o790.
Special monographs on points of importance are C. W. Otto's Geschichtliche Verhaeltnisse der Pastoralbriefe (186o), W. Mangold's Irr lehrer der Pastoralbriefe (Marburg, 1856), W. Lutgert's lrrlehrer d. Pastoralbriefe (1909) , and H. H. Mayer's Ueber die Pastoralbriefe (Gottingen, 1913), the last-named emphasizing the later church-orders implied in the epistles, a point already treated by J. Reville in his Origines de l'episcopat (i. pp. 262f).
On First Timothy, since Melanchthon's special commentary (Enarra tio, 1560, there have been a series of works, including Koelling's (1882, f) and Liddon's Analysis (1897) ; on Second Timothy, Bahnsen's Sogenannte Pastoralbriefe (1876) , and on Titus monographs from Mosheim's Erklarung (1779) to Kuinoel's Explicatio (1812) ; but the epistles have been commonly edited together. (J. Mor.)