Plurality Of Causes
Plurality Of Causes, In Logic, Is The View That One And The Same Kind Of Effect Can Be Produced In Different Cases By Different Causes. This Is Quite Distinct From The Question Whether The Cause Of An Effect Is As A Rule A Complex Or Multiplic Ity Of Several Or ...
Plutarch
Plutarch (gr. Iixobrapxos) (c. A.d. Greek Biog Rapher And Miscellaneous Writer, Was Born At Chaeronea In Boeotia. After Having Been Trained In Philosophy At Athens He Travelled And Stayed Some Time At Rome, Where He Lectured On Philosophy And Undertook The Education Of Hadrian. (there Seems No Authority For This ...
Pluto
Pluto Is The Outermost Known Member Of The Planetary System, Ninth In Order Of Distance From The Sun. It Was Discov Ered By C. W. Tombaugh Of The Lowell Observatory On January 23, 1930 By Examination Of Photographic Plates Of The Region Of The Sky Near The Star 6 Geminorum. ...
Plymouth
Plymouth, A Municipal County (1888, Extended 1896) And Seaport Of Devonshire, England, 231 M. W.s.w. Of London. Pop. (1931) 208,166. Plymouth, The Suton Of Domesday, Was Afterwards Divided Into The Town Of Sutton Prior, The Hamlet Of Sutton Valletort And The Tithing Of Sutton Ralph. The Market, Established About 1253, ...
Plymouth Brethren
Plymouth Brethren, A Community Of Christians Who Received The Name In 183o When The Rev. J. N. Darby (1800 1882) Induced Many Of The Inhabitants Of Plymouth, England, To Associate Themselves With Him For The Promulgation Of His Opinions. Although Small Christian Communities Existed In Ireland And Else Where Calling ...
Plymouth_2
Plymouth, A Town Of Massachusetts, U.s.a., 37 M. S.e. Of Boston, On Plymouth Bay; A Port Of Entry And The County Seat Of Plymouth County. It Is Served By The New York, New Haven And Hartford Railroad, And In Summer By Steamers To Boston. Pop. (1920) 13,045; In 1930 It ...
Plywood
Plywood. Board Made Of Several Plies Or Veneers (q.v.) Of Wood, Glued Together With The Object Of Obtaining Comparatively Large Sheets Free From Some Of The Natural Defects And Limitations Of Timber. Rotary Cut (peeled) Or Sliced Veneers Are Used, If Neces Sary Joined Edgewise, To Form Each Ply, And ...
Pneumatic Conveying
Pneumatic Conveying Is The Utilization Of The Conveying Power Of Air In Motion. It Will Be Realized That Con Veyance Of Material Through A Pipe-line, Either By Suction Or Blast, Is Ideal; Since There Are 130 Mechanical Parts In The Path Of The Material There Cannot Be Any Contamination By ...
Pneumatic Dispatch
Pneumatic Dispatch, A System Of Transporting Written Dispatches Through Long Tubes Of Small Diameter By Means Of Compressed Or Rarefied Air. It Was Introduced In 1853 By J. Latimer Clark Between The Central And Stock Exchange Stations Of The Electric And International Telegraph Company In London, The Stations Being Connected ...
Pneumatic Power Transmission
Pneumatic Power Transmission. Every Wind That Blows Is An Instance Of The Pneumatic Transmission Of Power, And Every Windmill Or Sail That Catches The Breeze Ig A Demonstra Tion Of It. The Modern Or Technical Use Of The Term, However, Is Confined To The Compression Of Air At One Point ...
Pneumatic Tools
Pneumatic Tools Comprise Various Classes Of Hand Tools Which Are Operated By Compressed Air Power. They Are Di Vided In Two General Classes According To The Principle Of Operation (i) Percussion, (2) Reciprocating Motor-driven. Under Percussion Tools Are Grouped Rivetting, Chipping And Sand Rammers, Pneumatic Diggers, Rock Drills, Paving Breakers, ...
Pneumatolysis
Pneumatolysis (nu-mat-611-sis), In Petrology, Dis Charge Of Vapours From Igneous Magmas And Effects Produced By Them On Rock Masses (so Called From Gr. Rveiwa, Vapour, And Xbei,v, To Set Free). In Volcanic Eruptions The Gases Given Off By Molten Lavas Are Powerful Agencies. The Slaggy Clots Of Lava Thrown Out ...
Pneumonia
Pneumonia, A Term Used For Inflammation Of The Lung Substance. The Disease Has Long Been Divided Into Three Varieties ( I) Acute Croupous Or Lobar Pneumonia; (2) Catarrhal Or Bron .cho-pneumonia; (3) Interstitial Or Chronic Pneumonia. I. Acute Lobar Pneumonia (pneumonic Fever) Is Now Classed As An Acute Infective Disease ...
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax. The Lungs Are Elastic Organs Kept Extended By Their Indirect Attachment To The Walls Of The Bony Thorax. This Is Effected Through The Intervention Of The Pleura (see Coelom And Serous Membranes), The Surfaces Of Which Are Held In Contact By Atmospheric Pressure, And Glide Over One Another During ...
Pocahontas 1595 1617
Pocahontas (1595-1617), Daughter Of The Indian Chief, Powhatan, Is The Heroine Of One Of The Best-known Traditions Con Nected With The Beginnings Of American History. The Story Is That Capt. John Smith, As Head Of A Band Of Soldiers In Search Of Food And Exploring The Chickahominy River, Was Waylaid ...
Pocatello
Pocatello, A City Of South-eastern Idaho, U.s.a., On The Portneuf River, At An Altitude Of 4,46o Ft., 176 M. S. By W. Of Yel Lowstone National Park; The County Seat Of Bannock County And The Second City Of The State In Size. It Is On Federal Highways 30n And 91 ...
Podolsk
Podolsk, A Town Of Russia In The Province Of Moscow, In 27' N., 28' E., 26 M. S. Of Moscow, On The Railway And On The Pakhra River, Crossed By A Suspension And A Railway Bridge. Pop. (1926) 19,335. The Town Manufactures Cement, Lime, Silicates And Silk Goods And Has ...
Poet Laureate
Poet Laureate. The Laurel (lat. Laurea) Was Sacred To Apollo, And As Such Was Used To Form A Crown Or Wreath Of Honour For Poets And Heroes. The Word "laureate" Or "laureated" Thus Came In English To Signify Eminent, Or Associated With Glory, Literary Or Military. "laureate Letters" In Old ...
Poetry
Poetry. In Modern Criticism The Word Poetry (i.e. The Art Of The Poet, Gr. Irolnri/s, Maker, From 7rocei,p, To Make) Is Used Sometimes To Denote Any Expression (artistic Or Other) Of Imagina Tive Feeling, Sometimes To Designate A Precise Literary Art, Which Ranks As One Of The Fine Arts. As ...
Poggio
Poggio Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini, Italian Scholar Of The Renaissance, Was Born In 1380 At Terra Nuova, A Village In The Territory Of Florence. He Studied Latin Under John Of Ravenna, And Greek Under Manuel Chrysoloras. His Distinguished Abilities And His Dexterity As A Copyist Of Mss. Brought Him Into ...
Point Sets
Point Sets. A Point Set Is A Collection Of Points Selected From A Given Space. The Study Of The Properties Of Point Sets Constitutes That Branch Of Mathematics Known As Point Sets, Or The Theory Of Sets Of Points. Generally Speaking, The Properties Of A Point Set May Be Classified ...
Poison
Poison. There Is No Official Legal Definition Of The Meaning Of The Word "poison" Though From The Phraseology Of The Sections In The Various Laws Relating To Poisoning It May Readily Be Inferred What Is Understood By The Term "poison" In Its Legal Aspects. The Legal Sections Relating To Criminal ...
Poison Ivy
Poison Ivy, The Name Commonly Given In North America To Several Native Shrubs Of The Sumach Genus (rhos Or Toxico Dendron; Family Anacardiaceae), Called Also Poison Oak, The Foliage And Other Parts Of Which Are More Or Less Poisonous To The Touch, Producing In Many Persons Severe Inflammation Of The ...
Poisonous Foods
Poisonous Foods Poisonous Fungi, For The Characters Of Which The Reader Is Re Ferred To Special Works On Toxicology, Are Sometimes Eaten In Mistake For Mushrooms. They Cause A Severe Gastro-enteritis And At The Same Time Are Powerful General Poisons Having A Profound Action On The Nervous System And Liver. ...
Poisonous Plants
Poisonous Plants. Among The Wild Plants Of British Fields And Hedgerows And Included In Cultivated Species Are A Con Siderable Number Which Are More Or Less Poisonous—some Of Them Severely So. Many Cases Of Poisoning Have Been Recorded And Several English Works On Poisonous Plants Have Been Published In The ...
Poitiers
Poitiers (pwa-tya), A Town Of W. France, Formerly Capital Of Poitou, And Now The Chief Town Of The Department Of Vienne, 61 M. S.s.w. Of Tours On The Railway To Bordeaux. Pop. (1931), 34,094. Called Limonum At The Time Of The Roman Conquest, Poitiers Afterwards Took The Name Of Its ...
Poker
Poker, A Game Of Cards, For Any Number Of Players From Two To Eight, Each For Himself. The Usual Pack Is 52 Cards, To Which The Joker Is Sometimes Added, Or The Pack May Be "stripped" By Deleting The 2s, 3s And 4s. When Eight Play, A Pack With Ii's ...
Pola
Pola, A Seaport Of Italy, The Capital Of The Province Of Pola, In The District Of Venezia Giulia, 86 M. S. Of Trieste By Rail. Pop. (1931), 41,638 (town), 55,559 (commune). It Was The Principal Naval Harbour And Arsenal Of The Austro-hungarian Monarchy Until 1918, And Is Situated Near The ...
Pole Family
Pole (family). The Family Of The Poles, Earls And Dukes Of Suffolk, Which, But For Richard M.'s Defeat At Bosworth, Might Have Given The Next King To England, Had Its Origin In A House Of Merchants At Kingston-upon-hull. The Poles Were Among The First English Peers Whose Fortunes Had Been ...
Pole Vaulting
Pole Vaulting, The Art Of Springing Over An Obstacle With The Aid Of A Pole. Originally A Means Of Passing Over Obstacles As Dikes And Brooks, Pole Vaulting, For Height, With The Object Of Clearing A Bar Supported By Two Uprights Set Not Less Than I2ft. Apart, Has Become A ...
Polesie
Polesie (i.e., "along The Forest"), The Largest And Most Sparsely Populated Province Of Poland. Area, 14,219 Sq.m. Pop. (193') 1,133,398. The Bulk Of The Inhabitants Are Ruthenians—the So-called Polesians Or Pinchuks, Forming A Special Branch Of The Ukrainian Nationality, And Belonging To The Orthodox Eastern Church. The Catholics Form Only ...
Police
Police. The Term Police Designates That Executive Civil Force Of A State To Which Is Entrusted The Duty Of Maintaining Public Order And Of Enforcing Regulations For The Prevention And Detection Of Crime. In A Perfect System Of Civil Administration The Function Of The Police Should Be To Curb The ...
Police Power
Police Power, In American Constitutional Law, The Re Served Or Inherent Powers Of The States To Legislate For The Health, Safety And Morals Of The Community. The Requirements Of The I4th Amendment Of The U.s. Constitution That No State Shall De Prive Any Person Of Life, Liberty Or Property Without ...
Polignac
Polignac, An Ancient French Family, Which Had Its Seat In The Cevennes Near Puy-en-velay (haute Loire). It Can Be Traced To The 9th Century, But In 1421 The Male Line Became Extinct. The Heiress Married Guillaume, Sire De Chalancon (not To Be Con Fused With The Barons Of Chalancon In ...
Polish Language
Polish Language. Together With Polabian—a Now Extinct Language Spoken By The Slays Of The Elbe Before They Became Germanized—sorb Or Wendish, And Czechoslovak, Polish Belongs To The Western Branch Of The Slavonic Languages. The Nearest Relative Of Polish Is Polabian, With Which It Forms The Lech Group, But In View ...
Polish Literature
Polish Literature. The Polish Language Belongs To The Western Branch Of The Slavonic Tongues, And The Closest Affinities With Czech, Slovak And Lusatian Wendish. The Earliest Connected Specimens Of Polish Prose Are : The F Rag Mentary Holy Cross Sermons, And The Complete Psalter Of St. Florian, Both Preserved In ...
Polish Writers Of Recent
Polish Writers Of Recent Times The "young Poland" Group.—during The Last Decade Of The 19th Century A Whole Group Of Young Exuberant Talents Appeared Together In The Forefront Of Poland's Literary Life Dissatisfied With The Utilitarian Character Of The Art And Poetry Of The Pre Ceding Period, They Organised Themselves ...
Politian
Politian Angelo Ambrogini, Known In Liter Ary Annals As Angelo Poliziano Or Politianus From His Birthplace, Was Born At Montepulciano In Tuscany On July 14, 1454. His Father, Benedetto, A Jurist Of Good Family And Distinguished Ability, Was Murdered By Political Antagonists For Adopting The Cause Of Piero De' Medici ...
Pollination
Pollination, A Term Used In Botany For The Transference Of Pollen (see Flower) To The Stigma (the Receptive Surface) Of The Ovary Of The Flower. Such Pollination Brings About The Fertilisa Tion Of The Ovules In The Ovary And Their Subsequent Development Into Seeds ; There Are, However, A Few ...
Polo
Polo, The Most Ancient Of Games With Stick And Ball. Its Name Is Derived From The Tibetan Pulu, A Ball. Hockey, The Irish National Game Of Hurling, And Possibly Golf And Cricket, Are De Rived From Polo. The Latter Was Called Hockey Or Hurling On Horse Back In England And ...
Polotsk
Polotsk, A Town Of White Russia, At The Confluence Of The Polota And Dvina, In 55° 29' N., 28° 49' E. Pop. (1926) It Is On A Railway Junction And Has Saw-milling And Timber Indus Tries And A Flour-mill. Its Position Between Central Russia And The West Made It A ...
Polyandry
Polyandry, The System Under Which A Woman Is Married To Several Men At The Same Time (gr. Roxbs, Many, And Avip, Man). Cases Of It Have Been Noticed Among Certain South Ameri Can Indians, And In North America Among Some Eskimo, The Tlingit, The Aleut And The Kaniagmiut On The ...
Polybius
Polybius (c. 20i—c. 120 B.c.), Greek Historian, Was Born At Megalopolis In Arcadia, Being The Son Of Lycortas, Friend And Successor Of Philopoemen As Leader Of The Achaean League. The Precise Dates Of His Birth And Death Are Not Known, But They Can Be Inferred Approximately. We Have His Own ...
Polycarp
Polycarp (c. 155), Bishop Of Smyrna And One Of The Apostolic Fathers, Derives Much Of His Importance From The Fact That He Links Together The Apostolic Age And That Of Nascent Catholicism. The Sources From Which We Derive Our Knowledge Of The Life And Activity Of Polycarp Are: (i) A ...
Polycleitus
Polycleitus, The Name Of Two Greek Sculptors Of The School Of Argos ; The First Belonging To The Fifth Century, The Sec Ond To The Early Part Of The Fourth. I. The Elder And Best Known Polycleitus Was A Contemporary Of Pheidias, And In The Opinion Of The Greeks His ...
Polycrates
Polycrates, Tyrant Of Samos (c. 535-515 B.c.). Having Won Popularity By Donations To Poorer Citizens, He Took Advantage Of A Festival Of Hera, Which Was Being Celebrated Outside The Walls, To Make Himself Master Of The City (about 535 B.c.). After Getting Rid Of His Brothers Pantagnotus And Syloson, Who ...