Another group includes some physical treatises such as Precepts about Health, which do not often coincide with modern ideas; On the Face of the Moon's Disk, which throws light on ancient astronomical theory; Whether Land or Water Animals are the . Cleverer; Whether Water or Fire is the More Useful; On Primary Cold; Questiones Naturales and On Flesh Eating. The historical treatises include : On the Fortune of the Romans, two essays on the career of Alexander, Whether the Athenians were More Renowned for War or for Wisdom, and the famous De Malignitate Herodoti, charging Herodotus with unfair treatment of the non-Ionic States. There are also a purely metaphysical work, the Platonic Questions, and two political treatises, Should a Man Engage in Politics when No Longer Young? and Political Precepts. There are also two Consolations, one to Apollonius for his son, and one to his own wife for their daughter. There remains a group of his most valuable and interesting works, on archaeological questions gen erally, and especially religious history. These include On Isis and Osiris, On the Cessation of Oracles, On the Pythian Responses (an appendix to the last), and On the E at Delphi, of the exclu sively ritual discussions ; and two miscellaneous works, which contain a vast collection of information and discussions on points of almost every kind, the Symposiaca (9 books), and the Quaes tiones Romanae and Graecae, which is of considerable importance to classical archaeology. There is also the collection of Short Sayings, divided into (I) of kings and commanders, (2) of Spar tans, and (3) of Spartan women. Doubt is thrown on the validity of The Banquet of the Seven Wise Men, On Fate; Parallels; On Accepted Opinions and the Lives of the Ten Orators.
T. Dohner and F. Ddbner (1846-55). Of the Lives, there are editions by A. Coray (1809-14), C. Sintenis (1839-46; ed. min., 1874-81), and of many separate lives by Siefert-Blass, Sintenis-Fuhr, Holden, Hardy and others; Loeb ed., with trans. (II vols. 1914-26). There are many English translations, of which the most popular is that by John and William Langhorne ; also the old French version by Jacques Amyot (1559) from which Sir Thomas North's (1579) was made, newly edited by G. Wyndham (1895) ; many of the Roman lives have been trans lated, with notes, by George Long. The Moralia has been edited by D. Wyttenbach (1795-1830), and G. N. Bernardakes (1888-96) Loeb ed. with trans. (1927— ). The, old English translation by Philemon Holland (1603) has been revised by C. W. King and A. R. Shilleto in Bohn's Classical Library (1882-88), and a later translation by various hands (London, 1684-94), edited by W. W. Goodwin with introduc tion by R. W. Emerson, has been republished at Cambridge, Massa chusetts (1874-78). Mention may also be made of P. Holland's Roman Questions, edited with introductory dissertations by F. B. Jevons (1892) ; Roman Problems, with essay on "Roman Worship and Belief," by G. C. Allen (1904) ; H. J. Rose, The Roman Questions of Plutarch (Text and Commentary, 1924) ; De la Musique, edit. H. Weil and Th. Reinach (i900) ; J. Oakesmith, The Religion of Plutarch as expounded in his Ethics (1902) ; Archbishop Trench, A Popular Intro duction to Plutarch (1873) ; 0. Greard, De la Morale de Plutarque (1866) ; R. Volkmann, Leben, Schrif n and Philosophie des Plutarch (1869) ; R. Hirzel, Plutarch (1912). The earlier literature of Plutarch is very extensive, for which W. Engelmann, Scriptores graeci 0880, may be consulted.