R. Pischel's Grammatik der Prdkritsprachen (Strasbourg, 590o). As an introduction to the study of the language, the best work is H. Jacobi's Ausgewahlte Erziihlungen in Mandrasktri zur Einfultrung in das Studium des Prakrit, Grammatik, Text, W &ter buch (Leipzig, 1886). The best editions of the grammars are E. B. Cowell's of Vararuci's Pratta-Praktiga (1868), R. Pischel's of Hema candra (Halle, 1877, 1889), and E. Hultzsch's of irilharaja's Prat: tarupdvatara (1909). For Degya words, see Pischel's The Degind tnamdld of Hemachandra (Bombay, 1880). For Apabhratizga, in addi tion to his edition of Hemacandra's grammar, see the same author's Materialen zur Kenntnis des Apabhranzga (1902). For Apabhranzga texts published in Europe, mention may be made of Dhanavala's Bhavisatta Kaha (Munich, 1918), and Haribhadra's Sanatkumasacari tom (Munich, 1921), both edited by H. Jacobi with valuable intro ductory essays, dealing with the whole question of Prakrit. For the mutual relationship of the various Prakrits, see S. Konow, "Maha,rash tri and Marathi," in the Indian Antiquary (1903), xxxii., 180 sqq. For Jaina Prakrit, see under JAms. In the secular texts the best edi tions are: A. Weber, Das Saptatacatakam des Heila (Leipzig, 1880 ; another edition by Durgaprasad and Kagnath Pandurang Parab un der the title of The Gdthasapatagati of .Cltavallana (Bombay, 1889)
[a good commentary] ; S. Goldschmidt, Rc7vanavaha oder Setubandha (Strasbourg, 5880-83) [text and translation]; Sivadatta and Parab, The Setubandha of Pravarasena (Bombay, 1895) ; Shankar Pandurang Pandit, The Gazidavaho, a Historical Poem in Prakrit, by Vdkpati (Bombay, 5887) ; the same editor, The Kumdrapala-charita (Bom bay, i9oo) ; Rajacekhara's Karpuramaiijari, edited by S. Konow, translated by C. R. Lanman (Cambridge, Mass., igoi).
The literature of the Sanskrit drama is given under SANSKRIT. PRAM, the name of a flat-bottomed boat or barge used as a "lighter" for discharging and loading cargo in the ports of the Baltic and North Sea. The word,- which is common in various forms to all the languages bordering on those seas, is Slavonic. PRANTL, KARL VON (182o-1888), German philosopher, was born at Landsberg on the Lech on Jan. 28, 182o, and died on Sept. 14, 1888, at Oberstdorf. In 1843 he became doctor of philosophy at Munich Observatory, where he was made professor. His best known work is the Geschichte der Logik im Abendland (Leipzig, 1855-70).