Price
Price. What Prices Are And What Price, As A General Con Ception, Means Would Seem To Be Obvious Enough. Yet Economists, Dealing With The Relations Of Prices To Different Forms Of Economic Activity And With Their Own Interrelations Find That They Must Take Pains If They Are To Keep Their ...
Priene
Priene (mod. Samsun Kale), An Ancient City Of Ionia On The Foot-hills Of Mycale, About 6 M. N. Of The Maeander. It Was Formerly On The Sea Coast, But Now Lies Some Miles Inland. It Is Said To Have Been Founded By Ionians Under Aegyptus, A Son Of Neleus. Sacked ...
Priest
Priest, The Contracted Form Of "presbyter" (7rpecri315repos, "elder"; See Presbyter), A Name Of Office In The Early Christian Church, Already Mentioned In The New Testament. But In The English Bible The Presbyters Of The New Testament Are Called "elders," Not "priests"; The Latter Name Is Reserved For Ministers Of Pre-christian ...
Primaries
Primaries, A Term Applied To Preliminary Elections In Which Delegates To Conventions Or Candidates For Office Are Nom Inated Directly By The Voters, Instead Of Being Chosen By Political Conventions As Was Formerly The Universal Custom In The United States. The Primary Election Is By Ballot, Is Accompanied By The ...
Primate
Primate, A Title Applied During The 4th And 5th Centuries A.d. To Both Secular And Ecclesiastical Officials. The Theodosian Code Mentions Primates Of Towns, Districts And Fortified Places (primates Erbium, Vicorum, Castellorum). The Pragmatic Sanc Tion Of Justinian Also Mentions Primates Governing A District, Primates Regionis; And In This Sense ...
Primates
Primates, An Order Of Mammals, Including Man, The Apes, Monkeys, Tarsiers And Lemurs. The Name, Meaning "chiefs," Was Given By Linnaeus In 1758. Linnaeus Also Included The Bats, Assigned To A Separate Order By Modern Zoologists. Hearing Is Acute And The Temporal Lobes Are Large. A Thin Bony Shell, The ...
Prime Minister
Prime Minister. Though A Wolsey Or A Cecil Might, In Practice, Achieve For A Time A Predominant Position Among The Counsellors Of The English Crown, The Persistence Of The Doctrine That Ministers Were All Equally Royal Servants, Severally Responsible To The Sovereign For Their Respective Departments, Was For Cen Turies ...
Primitive Methodists
Primitive Methodists, A Community Of Noncon Formists, Formed In Consequence Of The Belief That Methodism As Founded By The Wesleys Tended, After The First Generation, To Depart From The Enthusiasm That Had Marked Its Inception And To Settle Down To The Task Of Self-organization. There Were Some Ardent Spirits Who ...
Primitive Pottery
Pottery, Primitive. Receptacles Of Some Kind Are Essential To Man, However Primitive, And Are Made Of Basketry, Skins, Gourds And Other Suitable Natural Objects. But Over All These Pottery Has An Advantage, For It Can Be Brought Into Contact With Fire And Not Be Destroyed, And It Is Therefore Valuable ...
Primitive Property
Property, Primitive. Property Is Bound Up With Every Aspect Of Social Life. It Gives A Stimulus To Economic Effort, Enters Into Questions Of Marriage, Family Life, And Inheritance, Forms The Subject Of Legal Judgments, Provides Compensation For I Offences, And Acts As A Frequent Incentive To War. It Is Held ...
Primrose
Primrose. The Genus Primula Contains About 25o Species Distributed Throughout The Cooler Parts Of Europe And Asia, And Found Also On The Mountains Of Abyssinia And Java; A Few Are American. They Are Herbaceous Perennials, With A Permanent Stock From Which Are Emitted Tufts Of Leaves And Flower-stems Which Die ...
Primulaceae
Primulaceae, In Botany, A Family Of Gamopetalous Dicotyledons Belonging To The Order Primulales And Containing 25 Genera With About 55o Species. It Is Cosmopolitan In Distribu Tion, But The Majority Of The Species Are Confined To The Temperate And Colder Parts Of The Northern Hemisphere And Many Are Arctic Or ...
Prince
Prince, A Title Implying Either Political Power Or Social Rank. The Latin Word Princeps Originally Signified Merely "the First." As An Honorary Title It Was Applied In The Roman Republic To The Princeps Senatus, I.e., The Senator Who Stood First On The Censor's List, And The Princeps Juventutis, I.e., The ...
Prince 1739 1791
Prince (1739-1791), Russian Statesman, Was Born At Chizheva Near Smolensk. He Was Educated At The Moscow University, And In 1755 Entered The "reiter" Of The Horse Guards. His Participa Tion In The Coup D'etat Of July 8, 1762, Attracted The Attention Of The New Empress, Catherine Ii., Who Made Him ...
Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island, The Smallest Province Of The Dominion Of Canada, Lies Between 45° 58' And 47° 7' N. And 62° And 64° 27' W. The Island Lies In A Great Semi-circular Bay Of The Gulf Of St. Lawrence, Which Extends From Point Miscou In New Brunswick To Cape North ...
Princeton
Princeton, A Borough Of Mercer County, New Jersey, U.s.a., On The Lincoln Highway About Equally Distant (5o M.) From New York And Philadelphia; Served By The Pennsylvania Railroad. Pop. (1920) 5,917 (17% Negroes And 15% Foreign-born White) ; 1930 Federal Census 6,992. During The School Year This Is Increased By ...
Princeton University
Princeton University, A Privately-endowed Non Sectarian Institution Of Higher Learning For Men, At Princeton, N.j., Until 1896 Called Officially The College Of New Jersey. Its Buildings, About 8o In Number, Are Grouped In The Central Por Tion Of A Campus Of Boo Acres Which Is One Of The Most Beautiful ...
Principal And Agent
Principal And Agent. In Law An Agent Is A Person Authorized To Do Some Act Or Acts On Behalf Of Another, Who Is Called His Principal. The Law Regulating The Relations Of Principal And Agent Is Almost Alike Throughout The Whole British Empire, And Differs Only Slightly From The Law ...
Printing
Printing. Letterpress Printing Is The Art Of Producing Im Pressions By Means Of Pressing An Inked Relief Surface On To Paper Or Other Material. The Term "printing" Can Be Applied To Any Process By Which A Print Is Obtained, But It Usually Refers To Typography, Or, As It Is Now ...
Printing Machines
Printing Machines The Different Styles Of Printing Machines Are Too Numerous To Detail. In America They Are Called "presses" And In Great Britain (with The Exception Of Proving Presses) They Are Called "ma Chines." They May, However, Be Classified As Platens, Automatics, Cylinders And Rotaries. Many Firms Adopt Standard Makes ...
Priscian Priscianus Caesariensis
Priscian [priscianus Caesariensis], The Celebrated Latin Grammarian, Lived About A.d. 500. This Is Shown By The Facts That He Addressed To Anastasius, Emperor Of The East (491-518), A Laudatory Poem, And That The Mss. Of His Institutiones Grammaticae Contain A Subscription To The Effect That The Work Was Copied (526, ...
Priscillian
Priscillian (d. 385), Spanish Theologian And The Founder Of A Party Which, In Spite Of Severe Persecution For Heresy, Per Sisted In Spain And In Gaul Until After The Middle Of The Sixth Century. He Was A Student Of The Occult Sciences And Of Philosophy. He Was A Mystic, And ...
Prison
Prison. Only In Comparatively Recent Times Has The Word "prison" Come To Denote The Common Penalty For Acts Hurtful To The Community Both Grave And Petty Which The Law Forbids. In The Old Roman Law, Carter Or Prison Was Used Only As The Place For Holding, Not For Punishing Offenders. ...
Privateer
Privateer, An Armed Vessel Belonging To A Private Owner, Commissioned By A Belligerent State To Carry On Operations Of War. The Commission Is Known As Letters Of Marque. Acceptance Of Such A Commission By A British Subject Is Forbidden By The Foreign Enlistment Act 1870. Privateering Is Now A Matter ...
Privilege
Privilege, In Law, An Immunity Or Exemption Conferred By Special Grant In Derogation Of Common Right. The Term Is Derived From Privilegium, A Law Specially Passed In Favour Of Or Against A Particular Person. In Roman Law The Latter Sense Was The More Common; In Modern Law The Word Bears ...
Privy Council
Privy Council. The Privy Council, Like All The British Institutions Of Central Government, Excepting The House Of Com Mons, Is Descended From The Court Of The Norman Kings. This Curia Regis, Composed Of The King's Tenants-in-chief, The Household Officials, And Anyone Else Whom The King Chose To Summon, Per Formed ...
Prize Courts And Prize
Prize Courts And Prize Law. In England The Admiralty Court Had Jurisdiction In Matters Of Prize From Very Early Times, And Although Since The Middle Of The 17th Century The Instance, Or Ordinary Civil Jurisdiction Of The Court, Has Been Kept Distinct From The Prize Jurisdiction, They Were Originally Both ...
Probabilities Of Causes I2
Probabilities Of Causes I2. Direct And Inverse Probability.—questions As To The Respective Probabilities Of A Specified Event Having Been Due To Various Possible Causes Have In The Past Produced A Good Deal Of Difficulty, And Have Been Placed In A Separate Category As Questions Of Inverse Probability; Questions As To ...
Probability
Probability (in Logic) Is Commonly Contrasted With Certainty. Some Of Our Beliefs Or Judgments Are Entertained With Certainty, Others There Are Of Which We Are Not So Sure. The De Grees Of Confidence With Which The Logic Of Probability Is Concerned Are Those Which Are Correlated With Different Kinds Of ...
Probate
Probate Refers To The Formal Proof Of A Will, Which In England Has To Take Place At Somerset House, London, Or At A District Registry. The Early Jurisdiction Of The English Ecclesi Astical Courts Over The Probate Of Wills Of Personalty Is Discussed Under Will And Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction. The Court ...
Probation
Probation. The Principle On Which The Probation Sys Tem Is Based Originated In, And Was A Development Of, The Idea Of The Suspended Sentence. Under This The Accused Person Was Ad Judged To Be Guilty And His Sentence Determined Upon, But It Re Mained Suspended, To Be Eventually Cancelled, If ...
Proboscidea
Proboscidea, The Scientific Name Of An Order Of Euthe Rian Mammals Represented At The Present Day By The African And Indian Elephants. These Animals (see Elephant) Differ Very Widely In Their Structure From All Other Living Mammals But Fossil Remains Of Similar Structure Have Long Been Known. Only During The ...
Process Engraving
Process Engraving: See Photo-engraving. Procession, In General, An Organized Body Of People Ad Vancing In Formal Or Ceremonial Manner (m. Eng. Processioun, Fr. Procession, Lat. Processio, From Procedere, To Go Forth, Ad Vance, Proceed). This Definition Covers A Wide Variety Of Such Progresses: The Mediaeval Pageants, Of Which The Lord ...
Proclamation
Proclamation. In English Law, A Royal Proclamation Is A Formal Announcement, Made Under The Great Seal, Of Some Mat Ter Which The King In Council Desires To Make Known To His Sub Jects; E.g. The Declaration Of War, The Statement Of Neutrality, The Conclusion Of Peace, The Annexation Of Territory, ...
Proclus Or Proculus Ad
Proclus Or Proculus (a.d. The Chief Repre Sentative Of The Later Neoplatonists, Was Born At Constantinople, But Brought Up At Xanthus In Lycia. Having Studied Grammar Under Orion And Philosophy Under Olympiodorus The Peripatetic, At Alexandria, He Proceeded To Athens. There He Attended The Lectures Of The Neoplatonists Plutarch And ...
Procopius
Procopius, Byzantine Historian, Was Born At Caesarea In Palestine Towards The End Of The 5th Century A.d. He Became A Lawyer, Probably At Constantinople, And Was In 527 Appointed Private Secretary To Belisarius, Whom He Accompanied On His Per Sian, African And Italian Campaigns. After The Capture Of Ra Venna ...
Proctor
Proctor, A Variant Of The Word Procurator (q.v.), Very Nearly Equivalent In Meaning To "agent" (q.v.). The Title Is Used In England In Three Principal Senses. I. A Practitioner In The Ecclesiastical And Admiralty Courts. A Proctor In This Sense Was Formerly A Qualified Person Licensed By The Archbishop Of ...
Procurator
Procurator, Generally One Who Acts For Another. With The Romans It Was Applied To A Person Who Maintained Or Defended An Action On Behalf Of Another, Thus Performing The Functions Of A Modern Attorney. Roman Families Of Importance Employed An Official Corresponding To The Modern Steward And Frequently Called The ...
Product Integraph
Product Integraph. The Product Integraph Belongs To That Class Of Calculating Machines Which Deals With Curves And Graphs Rather Than With Numbers. It Multiplies Together Any Two Given Curves Before The Integration. Results Are Obtained By An Automatically-drawn Curve. It Can Be Used, Therefore, To Determine The Coefficients In The ...
Production And Trade Potato
Potato: Cultivation, Production And Trade. After Much Investigation It Seems To Be Accepted That The Original Habitat Of The Wild Potato Is Either Peru Or Chile, Where It Grows Wild On The Cool Plateaux High Up On The Andes. Here It Has Grown For Centuries And Supplied The Stocks Which ...
Profit
Profit, A Term Used By Business Men To Describe The Result Of Their Operations When That Result Is Favourable. When The Result Is Unfavourable The Term Loss Is Commonly Used. Strictly Speaking, The Word Profit Means "result," Whether Favourable Or Unfavourable; But It Is Obviously More Convenient To Speak Of ...
Profiteering
Profiteering. This Word Came Into Colloquial Use Early In The World War, And, Having Been Included In The Title Of An Act Of Parliament In 1919, May Be Considered To Have Received Official Recognition As Part Of The English Language. It Signifies The Making Of An Unreasonably Large Profit On ...