Proto-Indics.—The Proto-Indics may be classed geographically into three, possibly four, divisions: first, the jungle tribes of southern India (some of the more primitive tribes of northern India also have affinities with this stock) ; secondly, the Vedda, the most primitive of the inhabitants of Ceylon ; and thirdly, some of the more primitive peoples of the southern part of the Malay Peninsula, of whom the best-known are the Sakai and Senoi. In Sumatra and Celebes and possibly elsewhere in the Malay Archipelago there survive tribes who may be considered as a fourth division of the Proto-Indics, but here they have for the most part been mixed with other stocks. In much of south eastern Asia there is a racial background of Proto-Indics who have been overlaid by other invaders, but the stock has survived in a relatively pure state in the places enumerated above. The Proto-Indics have curly hair, very dark and often nearly dead black skins, a short stature and extremely broad noses.
The Australian Aboriginal.—The Australian aborigines almost certainly belong to the same stock, but they possess some spe cial characteristics which may be due to the length of time they have been isolated from the parent stem. The skin is usually of a dark chocolate brown, the hair, which is somewhat variable but usually curly, is frequently very abundant on the face and body. The stature is medium, the nose very broad, and their most distinctive feature is the great bony development of the skull, including a great massing of bone over the eyes and a big development of the jaws and teeth. Whereas the Proto-Indics, notably the Veddas, have extremely small skulls, those of the Australians, though often containing an extremely small brain case, are always massively built, and the beetling brows, low f ore head and projecting lower part of the face give the males a very characteristic appearance.
Advanced Long-headed Types.—The long-headed peoples of less primitive type can be divided into several groups, but it seems extremely probable that all belong to the same stock; most of them can be distinguished from the Proto-Indics by their greater stature, and all by the narrower form of the nose. Local groups of these peoples have become separated into sub-races which breed true.
Eastern Groups.—The most easterly representatives of these stocks in Asia are the Nesiots, who are found mixed with the straight-haired, round-headed Proto-Malays in the Malay Archi pelago, in the Philippines, sporadically in southeastern Asia and in the interior of southern China; the exact extension of these peoples is not yet fully known. In southern India a large proportion of the population belongs to a second group, Chersiots (mainlanders, as opposed to Nesiots, islanders). They are here much mixed with Proto-Indics and round-heads. In the northern part of India the proportion of the round-heads is much greater, and in the northwest the round-headed element predominates. In Rajputana and in the Punjab there is another group of long heads, to be distinguished from the Chersiots by their taller stature, fairer skins and narrower noses. These Haddon terms
Indo-Afghans.
Western Groups.—Further west, in the horn of Africa and the desert between the Nile and the Red Sea, this stock is dominant in the population, though frequently mixed with negroes. These tribes represent the modern descendants of the Proto-Egyptian population. Among the groups of this stock with a white com plexion several varieties may be distinguished : one, the Eur african, seems only to occur in isolated spots in north Africa and western Europe, including part of the British Isles, another is met with among the Bedouin Arabs, while the third or Mediter ranean race forms the fringing population of the Mediterranean sea and the western Atlantic seaboard of Europe. In the eastern Mediterranean it is inextricably mixed with the Armenoid peoples.
Among the Mesocephals Haddon includes three groups; two, however, the Pyrenean and the Atlanto-Mediterranean are prob ably hybrids. The third, the Nordic, is more clearly marked and is characterised by fair skin and hair, blue eyes and a tall stature. To-day they form one element in the population of the British Isles and northern France, Belgium and Holland, and northern Germany. They predominate in Scandinavia.
The Round-headed Group.—The great round-headed branch of the Cymotrichi is conveniently called Eurasiatic. It extends all along the great mountain chain from the central plateau of France on the west to the Himalayas on the east. The Alpine branch of the family is distributed along the central massif of Europe into central and even Eastern Asia, the Arme noid or Illyrio-Anatolian has a more limited range in south eastern Europe and western Asia. They may be distinguished by the extreme flatness and height of the head. In the Pamirs, in Persia, and extensively in central Asia and in India, a separate branch of this race, the Pamiri, is found, while locally in western Europe isolated examples of two early groups, the Prospectatores and the "Beaker Folk" still survive. They probably resulted from early crossing of round-heads with Mediterranean and Nordic man respectively. All these peoples are marked by the roundness of their heads, their brown, auburn or black hair and somewhat sallow or olive skins. The eyes vary from brown to hazel, but blue eyes are found.
Most of the migratory movements which resulted in the pres ent distribution of mankind took place too far back in history for us to estimate their exact course, but in all probability human stocks were evolved near the places where we first find them recorded in historic times. Some migrations belong to the domain of ancient history, but it is very doubtful how far these movements have actually affected the physical type. In all probability ethno logical history has consisted chiefly of the gradual extension of dominant types. (See A. C. Haddon, Races of Mankind, 1924.)