junior Red Cross is a relatively new departure, the origin of which is to be traced to the participation of children, during the war in 1914-1918, in the Red Cross work designated to relieve the suffering of wounded soldiers. This participation was first undertaken on an organized basis in Aus tralia and Canada and subsequently developed on a gigantic scale by the American Red Cross when the United States entered the war. It was then observed that junior Red Cross membership constituted an ideal vehicle for the self-education of children along certain lines, notably in health and the civic idea in its full est sense. Educationalists, especially in America, encouraged the Red Cross to develop this activity; and experiments undertaken partly by league delegates and partly by the delegates of the American Red Cross during the period when that society (in 1919-20) was conducting extensive relief operations throughout eastern Europe, sufficiently demonstrated that the appeal of the junior Red Cross idea is in no sense confined to Anglo-Saxon countries. The development of the junior Red Cross was conse quently established as a definite plank in the league programme in 1922, when its purpose was defined as follows: "to inculcate in children the ideal of peace and the practice of service, especially in relation to the care of their own health and that of others, the understanding and acceptance of civic responsibility, and the cultivation and maintenance of a spirit of friendly helpfulness towards other children in all countries." By 1928 junior member
ship had become a recognized part of the organization of 40 different national Red Cross societies, and the number of junior Red Cross members in the world was estimated at o,000,000.
last of the technical divisions of the league, the Emigration division, was constituted in 1925 at the instance of the Italian Red Cross, and is occupied with the col lection of data regarding the particular dangers to health to which emigrants are exposed, and the degree in which Red Cross societies are in a position to assist them.
The League of Red Cross societies publishes a monthly review in French, English and Spanish entitled The World's Health in addition to a monthly Information Bulletin containing technical notes for Red Cross workers.
When the chairmanship of the board of governors of the league became vacant on the death, in 1922, of H. P. Davison, who had been the moving spirit in its foundation, John Barton Payne, chairman of the American Red Cross, succeeded him. Three vice chairmanships were created in 1927 and the Cuban, German and Japanese members of the board of governors were nominated by the board to fill these posts. The office of director-general was entrusted, in 1919, to Lieut.-Gen. Sir David Henderson, and on his death, in 1921, to Sir Claude Hill, who resigned in 1926. The office of director-general was then abolished, and T. B. Kittredge assumed charge of the activities of the secretariat with the title of secretary-general. (P. D.)