Undoubtedly the outstanding revivalist both in England and America of the last quarter of the 19th century was Dwight L. Moody. He was a layman and without education, but from 1861 to his death in 1899 he was constantly employed and with great success in revivalistic efforts. He made three extensive visits to England and Scotland (1873-75, 1881-83, 1891-92) and thou sands of people professed conversion under his persuasive preach ing. Associated with Moody was a remarkable singer, Ira D. Sankey, whose gospel songs added greatly to the effectiveness of the meetings. Also associated with Moody in Edinburgh was Henry Drummond, who later, when he became professor of nat ural science in the University of Glasgow, continued his evangel istic efforts, especially in the interest of young men students in the universities of Scotland.
In more recent years revivals have occurred in Wales (1904-06) and in various parts of the United States and Great Britain. Re cent revivalists have been largely imitators of Moody and Sankey, such as J. W. Chapman, William A. Sunday, R. A. Torrey and "Gypsy" Smith. Modern psychology has given considerable attention to the study of conversion and the revival, especially since the publication of E. D. Starbuck's Psychology of Religion
in 1899, and of William James' Varieties of Religious Experience in 1902.
BnituoGRApHy.—Jonathan Edwards, Thoughts on the Revival of Religion in New England, 1740 (n.d.) ; Joseph Tracy, The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield (1842) ; C. G. Finney, Autobiography (1876) ; A. Ritschl, Geschichte des Pietismus (188o-86) ; J. H. Overton, Evan gelical Revival in the Eighteenth Century (1886) ; G. A. Smith, The Life of Henry Drummond (1899) ; E. D. Starbuck, Psychology of Religion (1899) ; J. W. Chapman, Present Day Evangelism (1903) ; F. M. Davenport, Primitive Traits in Religious Revivals (19o5) ; Henri Bois, Le Reveil au Pays de Galles (1906) ; H. E. Lewis, With Christ among the Miners (1907) ; C. C. Cleveland, The Great Revival in the West 1797-1805 (1916) ; W. W. Sweet, Rise of Methodism in the West (1920) ; C. H. Maxson, The Great Awakening in the Middle Colonies (1920) ; W. M. Gewehr, The Great Awakening in Virginia, ms. (1922) ; S. G. Dimond, The Psychology of the Methodist Revival (1926) ; Gamaliel Bradford, D. L. Moody, a Worker in Souls (1928).
(W. W. S.)